WORKSHOP

EXCHANGING EXPERIENCES IN HANDLING

TRADE REMEDY MEASURES IN EU AND
VIETNAM
Overview of trade remedy measures in the EU:
current trends

Presented by: Marius Bordalba

Senior trade and investment expert, MUTRAP

Binh Duong, Vietnam

11 November 2014

Content
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

The context: Statistics (3-20)

The EU system in a nutshell (21)
Review of the system (22)
Major issues (23)
Litigation (24-25)
The EUs resources (26)
Main sources of information (27)
2

European
Commission

The context: Statistics

Directorate General
for Trade

Global imports of goods (billion EUR)

Country
World(*)
Argentina
Australia
Brazil
Canada
China
India
Indonesia
Japan
Mexico
Russia
Saudi Arabia
South Africa
South Korea
Turkey
United States
EU-28(**)
France
Germany
Italy
United Kingdom

2004
5,687.2
18.0
87.9
53.4
225.0
451.2
80.2
44.1
365.4
162.6
78.3
38.1
43.0
180.5
78.4
1,226.5

2005
6,576.0
23.1
100.7
62.4
259.2
530.5
114.8
60.9
414.7
183.5
100.8
47.8
50.1
210.0
93.9
1,392.7

2006
7,487.5
27.2
110.9
76.3
285.9
630.3
142.1
64.2
461.2
209.8
130.8
55.6
62.7
246.4
111.2
1,527.6

2007
7,840.0
32.6
120.6
92.4
284.7
697.6
167.4
67.9
454.0
211.8
163.1
65.8
64.5
260.4
124.1
1,474.2

2008
8,602.5
39.1
136.2
124.0
284.9
770.0
218.3
86.7
518.4
216.4
198.4
78.3
69.1
295.9
137.3
1,475.0

2009
7,015.4
27.8
118.6
95.8
236.5
721.2
184.4
67.2
395.7
173.2
137.5
68.5
53.1
231.6
101.0
1,150.9

2010
9,214.4
42.8
152.1
144.5
303.8
1,053.2
264.2
102.1
523.5
234.0
187.5
80.6
73.0
320.7
140.0
1,485.4

2011
10,538.8
53.4
175.1
170.2
333.1
1,252.5
333.7
126.6
614.5
259.4
232.6
94.5
89.4
376.7
173.0
1,627.8

2012
11,715.2
52.9
203.1
181.7
369.6
1,415.3
380.3
148.2
689.5
296.1
261.1
121.1
99.0
404.4
184.1
1,817.8

2013
11,457.5
55.5
182.3
188.6
357.1
1,468.3
350.9
141.0
627.3
294.4
258.2
126.6
95.1 e
388.2
189.5
1,753.7

1,027.4
114.9
197.0
106.7
166.3

1,183.9
131.4
221.3
124.1
183.6

1,364.6
132.8
261.2
148.0
213.5

1,446.8
140.2
271.8
156.5
215.6

1,585.2
154.9
292.2
171.9
217.5

1,235.6
123.2
234.6
125.4
188.2

1,529.4
145.4
292.1
164.5
227.0

1,725.0
168.7
329.0
184.2
250.9

1,795.9
172.9
332.2
177.5
280.0

1,682.6
165.3
316.5
160.6
236.2

* Coverage: World (excluding intra-EU trade)

** For EU-28 and four EU Member States: trade with extra EU-28
Sources: Eurostat (Comext, Statistical regime 4), WTO

The context: Statistics

European
Commission

Directorate General
for Trade

Share in world trade in goodsin selected countries (%)

20
17.9

17.1

15

15.0
13.7
12.9

10
8.4
7.4

5.1

0
2004

2005
Brazil

2006
China

2007
EU-28

2008
India

2009

2010
Japan

2011
Russia

2012

2013

United States

Coverage: shares in world trade excluding intra-EU trade.

Sources: Eurostat (Comext, Statistical regime 4), WTO

4
Chief Economist Unit

European
Commission

The context: Statistics

Directorate General
for Trade

EU-28 imports of goods fromextra EU-28 by sector (billion EUR)

TOTAL

Imports
2004
1,027.4

2005
1,183.9

2006
1,364.6

2007
1,446.8

2008
1,585.2

2009
1,235.6

2010
1,529.4

2011
1,725.0

2012
1,795.9

2013
1,682.6

SITC Rev.3
SITC 0

Food and live animals

53.1

57.2

61.7

69.0

74.6

67.4

73.9

84.4

85.5

85.9

SITC 1

Beverages and tobacco

5.8

5.8

6.2

6.6

6.3

6.4

6.9

7.1

7.5

7.6

SITC 2
SITC 3
SITC 4
SITC 5
SITC 6
SITC 7
SITC 8
SITC 9
AMA
NAMA

Crude materials, inedible, except

fuels
Mineral fuels, lubricants and
related materials
Animal and vegetable oils, fats and
waxes

44.4

48.2

57.5

64.4

67.3

41.7

64.1

76.7

71.5

67.4

184.5

274.0

341.2

338.3

460.2

299.9

385.0

493.4

548.5

498.7

3.9

4.3

5.4

5.6

8.0

5.6

6.7

8.6

9.2

8.7

Chemicals and related prod, n.e.s.

88.4

96.3

109.1

120.7

124.2

112.5

137.3

155.2

163.4

157.7

115.4

128.2

160.7

189.1

178.3

115.5

157.6

184.7

168.1

164.8

354.3

385.9

412.6

429.0

425.8

352.9

442.2

438.9

447.7

434.2

146.3

162.2

180.6

193.6

196.9

181.0

206.3

218.2

221.6

217.1

31.6

22.1

29.9

30.6

43.8

52.7

49.5

56.2

72.8

40.5

61.8
965.6

64.2
1,119.8

68.1
1,296.5

77.6
1,369.2

88.1
1,497.1

76.8
1,158.8

84.3
1,445.1

98.5
1,626.5

101.9
1,694.0

101.7
1,580.9

Manufactured goods classified

chiefly by material
Machinery and transport
equipment
Miscellaneous manufactured
articles
Commodities and transactions
n.c.e.
AMA/NAMA
Agricultural Products
Non-Agricultural Products

Source: Eurostat (Comext, Statistical regime 4)

5
Chief Economist Unit

Austria

2
1

Belarus

Belgium
Brazil

54

Canada

Chile

China

90

41

78

Bulgaria

Czech Republic

Egypt
1

Finland

France

Germany

11
1

Hong Kong, China

Hungary
India
Indonesia
Iran, Islamic Republic
of

2
2

25

23

54

10

28

10

123

40

22

38

64

1
1

16

25

177

19

177

35
1

15

31

Malaysia

14

Mexico

Netherlands

New Zealand

31

19

18

12

32

28

53

17

23

10

Pakistan

Poland

10

Romania

Russian Federation

11

20

21

Saudi Arabia

10

Singapore

23

24
1

10

1
1

10

Spain

Sweden

10

17

16

10

16

25

52

Thailand

24

10

21

40

Turkey

14

Ukraine

14

12

10

15

12

41

17

39

312

267

334

183

1
3

3
4

15

37

14

27

454

702

11

10

12

10

2
121

115

2
2

72

1
2

227

168

13

58

37

180

26

35

331

114

23

63

31

11

14

33

39

13

132

31

48

11

16

66

51

21

26

251

14

188

10

64

75

25

5
31

15.
5

USA

11.
2

EU

10

BRA

7.3
9

ARG

6.9

AUS

5.9
1

ZAF

5.0
2

16

211

4
1

16

10

United Arab Emirates

33

5
2

Philippines

102

13

44

18

12

17

22

27

10

16

IND

14

100

21

23

Kazakhstan

989

12

33

117

34

41

Coun
-try

15
15

Ukraine
1

Japan

Total

16

Viet Nam

6
10

United States

United Kingdom

Taipei, Chinese

Turkey

161

South Africa

22

114

South Africa

Russian Federation

20

Peru

Mexico

34

Italy

Slovak Republic

Korea, Republic of

26

India

42

11

Israel

Korea, Republic of

European Union

3
3

European Union

China

11

Total

United States

Australia

Canada

Argentina

Brazil

Australia

Exporting Country

Argentina

Anti-dumping Initiations: Reporting Member vs Exporting Country 01/01/1995 - 31/12/2013

43

47
255

41

508

4519

The context: Statistics

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Total

Anti-dumping Initiations: By Reporting Member 01/01/1995 - 31/12/2013

Argentina

41

28

10

12

10

19

28

14

13

19

312

Australia

15

24

16

11

18

12

20

267

Brazil

11

17

12

13

24

37

16

47

54

334

Canada

21

25

15

11

11

17

183

25

Reporting Member

Chile

China

11

14

Colombia
Egypt

30

22

27

24

10

14

17

11

211

11

67

12

73

European Union

32

28

20

30

24

35

19

15

15

17

13

454

India

28

31

47

55

31

41

19

21

29

702

14

110

48

15

121

11

62

115

57

26

11

82

72

19

41

79

81

46

21

Indonesia

12

Israel

Korea, Republic of

18

Malaysia

Mexico

10

14

New Zealand

13

13

Pakistan
Peru

Philippines

Taipei, Chinese

21

Thailand
Turkey

Ukraine
United States
Venezuela, Bolivarian
Republic of
Total

47

4
1

Russian Federation
South Africa

10

31

23

10

227

36

13

21

15

18

11

25

12

23

14

43

77

35

37

26

12

28

16

20

15

11

39

508

234

220

200

203

166

218

217

173

165

209

283

4519

296

372

311

61
168

31

The context: Statistics

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Total

ping Initiations: By Reporting Member 01/01/1995 - 31/12/2013

296

372

311

234

220

200

203

166

218

217

173

165

209

283

4519

135.8 170.6 142.7 107.3 100.9 91.74 93.12 76.15

100 99.54 79.36 75.69 95.87 129.8 World

74.55 143.6 147.3 83.64 38.18 50.91 56.36 85.45

100 56.36 74.55 34.55 38.18 52.73 EU

250

400 266.7 133.3

150 116.7 183.3 33.33

45.83 70.83 33.33 16.67 33.33

700 833.3 166.7
78.57

25

100

50 54.17

100

500 366.7 33.33 233.3 33.33

100

150 116.7

300

200 333.3 Australia

37.5 154.2 66.67 195.8

225 Brazil

200 66.67 66.67 366.7 566.7 Canada

100 214.3 157.1 192.9 171.4 71.43 28.57

100 121.4 57.14 35.71 64.29 78.57 China

74.55 143.6 147.3 83.64 38.18 50.91 56.36 85.45

100 56.36 74.55 34.55 38.18 52.73 India

50

100

25

100

200

250

25

25 Russia

293.8 481.3 218.8 231.3 162.5

75

50

175

100

125 18.75 93.75 68.75 243.8 US

Since the start of the crisis, the total number of

initiations has increased by 30%, from 218 to 283
Contrary to logic, the number of initiations
decreased after 2008 in several major users
The increase of initiations is concentrated in certain
countries, Brazil and the US playing the central role
8

The context: Statistics

Canada

11

26

63

15

27

62

98

13

24

China

119

39

Colombia

14

Egypt

21

85

35

303

96

16

32

11

12

18

India

2
1

Indonesia

11

Israel

Korea, Republic of

Malaysia
Mexico

New Zealand

2
6

Pakistan
Peru

Philippines

1
2

Taipei, Chinese

Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago

Turkey
Ukraine

United States

15

13

Venezuela
Total

57

56

14

64

126

Total

25
1

13

15

73

43

11

160

58

12

454

14

65

21

86

86

702

24

40

48

17

12

12

21

121

8
5

16

17

10

12

1
2

19

11

42

10

16

60

15

57

42

45

49

26

13

69

39

277

32

4
32

61
12
1

1287

168

43

508

91

4519

19
189

227
36

14

72
31

20

10

339

115

19
6

226

82
5

20

98

62

27

67

110

15

211

183

12

590

334

908

267

14

29

3
75

14

75

29

66

20

30

37

312

16

32

11

17

1
6

11

Russian Federation
South Africa

15

1
4

65

1
1

16

81

...

16

XXI

XIII

XX

XII

24

XIX

XI

13

XVIII

11

XVII

IX

30

XIV

VII

37

Chile

European Union

VIII

VI

XVI

XV

5
5

IV

III

Australia
Brazil

II

Reporting Member
Argentina

Anti-dumping Sectoral Distribution of Initiations: By Reporting Member 01/01/1995 - 31/12/2013

3
392

46

49

31

Belarus
Belgium
Brazil

37

Bulgaria
Canada
Chile

China

66

Czech Republic

19

47

France
Germany

2
2

4
6

4
2

Hong Kong, China

India

1
9

Indonesia

Malaysia
Mexico

11
2

7
2
6

Romania

Russian Federation
Saudi Arabia

17
6
1

Singapore

1
2

22

68

11

110

2
1

8
21
3

20

16
3

7
6

16
3

199
68

14

37

17

14

1
1

9
1

18
2

16
4

4
2

1
3

17
8

1
4

1
2

3
4

18
1

11

29

2
165

1
113

164

40
28

3
11

6
6

11
19

4
2

14
4

11

5
2

30
50
20
103

14

4
6
13

2
38
16

2
12
11

15

26
3

1
10

1
8

20
717

4
12

3
25

3
96

4
1

1
29

7
7

5
10

60

18

108

20

14
5

5
8

United Arab Emirates

2
2

11
4

Ukraine

3
6

13

Turkey

1
1

10

39

1
2

South Africa

16

Peru

20

Mexico

21

2
1

Russian Federation

Korea, Republic of

1
129

India

Total

20

1
218

Viet Nam

6
1

18
86

2
4

Sweden

United States
Venezuela

2
9

United Kingdom

5
5

Turkey
Ukraine

2
8

South Africa
Spain
Taipei, Chinese
Thailand

10
18

Netherlands
Poland

1
1

Iran, Islamic Republic of

Korea, Republic of

17

12

2
2

84

1
2

Kazakhstan

25

4
5

Italy
Japan

21

European Union
Finland

1
4
2

1
3

European Union

China

Canada

Total

Australia
Austria

United States

Argentina

Brazil

Australia

Exporting Country

Argentina

Anti-dumping Measures: Reporting Member vs Exporting Country 01/01/1995 - 31/12/2013

1
2

3
5

5
2

1
2

2
4
2

6
4

1
4

2
1

10
10
2
4

7
2

24

21
4

4
297

4
519

77

91

4
1
2
50

28

131

4
154

37

33
126

Coun
-try

IND

17.
9

USA

11

EU

10.
3

ARG

7.5
3

BRA

5.7

CHN

5.6
7

TUR

5.3
2

22
3

29

105
11

33
43

25

12

18
9

162
121

4
6

33
59

13

25

150
13

6
319

28
2894

10

The context: Statistics

2007

Australia

11

10

Brazil

13

14

19

33

14

16

24

12

China

Colombia

Egypt

15

11

16

Total

2006

2013

2005

19

2012

2004

22

218

10

108

14

30

165

10

113

164

30

2011

2003

14

2010

2002

16

Canada

2009

2001

Argentina

Reporting Member

2008

2000

Anti-dumping Measures : By Reporting Member 01/01/1995 - 31/12/2013

15

13

12

15

12

54

European Union

41

13

25

10

20

12

12

15

11

12

297

India

55

38

64

52

29

18

16

24

31

30

32

26

30

12

519

51

23

10

12

77

11

36

91

Indonesia

Israel

Korea, Republic of

Malaysia

Mexico

New Zealand
Pakistan
Peru

Philippines

3
3
7

Taipei, Chinese

13

United States
Venezuela
Total

31

10

15
1

20

11

28

16

21

11

33

27

12

14

18

23

15

9
238

Ukraine

24
6

50

50
11

Thailand
Turkey

Russian Federation
South Africa

1
169

218

3
10
17

28

131

43

154

37

319

15

1
223

154

25
138

142

106

142

142

134

99

120

159

2894

11

The context: Statistics

Total

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

easures : By Reporting Member 01/01/1995 - 31/12/2013

238

169

218

223

154

138

142

106

142

142

134

99

120

159

168

119

154

157

108

97

100

75

100

100

94

70

85

273

87

167

13

67

133

80

80

100

60

33

73

20

167

367

300

333

133

100

167

33

100

67

67

167

333

300 Australia

82

118

45

18

45

27

82

100

145

45

118

127

273 Brazil

467

633

167

267

133

100

100

67

100

33

333

233 Canada

125

125

825

350

400

600

300

100

300

375

150

125

200 China

177

123

206

168

94

58

52

77

100

97

103

84

97

39 India

25

25

100

25

250

25

100

135

143

117

52

61

78

22

22

100

65

74

17

30

2894

112 World
80 EU

150 Russia
30 US

Since the start of the crisis, the total number of measures has increased by
12%, from 142 to 159
However, there is a general change of trend since 2011; this trend should continue
in light of the high number of initiations in 2013 & 2014

In line with initiations, for some WTO Members the number of measures has
decreased (notably the EU, IND, US)
The current increase of measures seems to be fuelled to a large extent by the
sharp increase of investigations in BRA and to a lesser extent in certain
traditional users (AUS, CDA, CHN) and in a new user (RUS)

12

The context: Statistics

1

89

36

Colombia

Egypt

16

European Union

India
Indonesia

61

19

234

81

18

10

11

13

15

Korea, Republic of
Malaysia
Mexico

New Zealand

1
5

Peru

Philippines
1
3

Thailand
Turkey
Ukraine

84

13

3
2

15

15

10

32

297

46

57

519

29

51

23

47

15

10

20

26

28

37

10

11

6
5

23

34

50

609

368

15
1

19

2
2

77
36

91
24
50

50
11

18

34

28
8

131

15

33

35

27

10

43
1

10

12

165

19

50

122

245

23

104

851

243

29

3
2

54

111

44

30

164
1

11

7
11

113

165

23

48

61

11

108

23

Venezuela
Total

43

1
1

Taipei, Chinese

United States

218

Russian Federation
South Africa

15

Pakistan

Israel

10

Total

20

47

36

...

12
4

64

XXI

28

10

XX

28

XIX

XVIII

XVII

XVI

XV

19

XIV

XI

21

XIII

17

IX

10

XII

VIII

VII

21

IV

10

III

VI

Canada
China

1
3

Australia
Brazil

Argentina

II

Reporting Member

Anti-dumping Sectoral Distribution of Measures: By Reporting Member 01/01/1995 - 31/12/2013

14

37

319

63

2894

2
34

154

25

13

The context: Statistics

Argentina
Australia

4
1

Brazil

Canada

Chile

1
2

1
10

1
1

Japan

Mexico

10
4

Peru

1
1

Turkey

1
2

10

10

Venezuela
Total

33
1

New Zealand

United States

24
2

Costa Rica

South Africa

9
7

China
European Union

Total

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

Reporting Member

2000

Countervailing Measures : By Reporting Member 01/01/1995 - 31/12/2013

1
10

1
21

14

14

79
1

11

19

10

13

190
14

27/05/2014

The context: Statistics

Safeguard Initiations by Reporting Member
Period: 01/01/1995 to 30/04/2014

Reporting Member

2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Total
Initiations
Initiations
Initiations
Initiations
Initiations
Initiations
Initiations
Initiations
Initiations
Initiations
Argentina
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
Australia
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
4
Brazil
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
4
Bulgaria*
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
Canada
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
Chile
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
2
0
15
China, P.R.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Chinese Taipei
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
Colombia
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
7
Costa Rica
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
3
Croatia*
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
Czech Republic*
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
Dominican Republic
0
0
0
3
2
0
0
0
0
5
Ecuador
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
8
Egypt
0
0
1
0
0
1
4
0
0
9
El Salvador
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
Estonia*
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
European Union*
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
5
Hungary*
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
India
0
0
1
10
1
1
1
3
4
36
Indonesia
1
0
2
0
7
4
7
0
2
25
Israel
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
2
Jamaica
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Japan
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Jordan
1
1
2
0
1
0
1
0
0
16
Korea, Rep. of
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
Kyrgyz Rep.
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
1
0
4
Latvia*
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
Lithuania*
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Malaysia
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
Mexico
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
Moldova
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
Morocco
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
6
Pakistan
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Panama
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Peru
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
Philippines
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
2
0
11
Poland*
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
Russia
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
3
Slovak Republic*
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
Slovenia*
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
South Africa
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
3
Thailand
0
0
0
0
1
0
2
0
1
4
Tunisia
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
Turkey
5
3
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
17
Ukraine
0
2
1
2
3
2
0
1
0
11
United States
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
Venezuela
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
Viet Nam
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
2
Totals for 01/01/1995 - 30/04/2014
13
8
10
25
20
11
24
18
8
279
*TheEuropean Union enlarged its Membership on 1 May 2004, 1 J anuary 2007 and 1 J uly 2013. Thenewly-acceded countries still appear on thetables in this databaseas individual WTO Members as their statistics prior to joiningthe
European Union remain valid. All fgures pertaining to theEuropean Union arecounted: (a) on a 15-Member basis for theperiod between 1 J anuary 1995-30April 2004, (b) on a 25-Member basis for theperiod between 1 May 2004-31
December 2006 (c) on a 27-Member basisfor theperiod between 1 J anuary 2007-30 J une2013 and (d) on a 28-Member basis from 1 J uly 2013.

15

The context: Statistics

Safeguard Measures by ReportingMember
Period: 01/01/1995 to 30/04/2014

ReportingMember
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Total
Argentina
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
Brazil
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
Bulgaria*
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
Chile
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
8
China, P.R.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Colombia
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
Croatia*
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
Czech Republic*
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
Dominican Republic
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
2
Ecuador
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
4
Egypt
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
5
European Union*
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
Hungary*
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
India
1
0
0
0
3
0
1
2
0
2
17
Indonesia
0
1
0
0
2
0
7
3
2
0
15
Jordan
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
8
Korea, Rep. of
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
Kyrgyz Rep.
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
2
Latvia*
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
Lithuania*
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Moldova
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Morocco
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
3
Panama
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Philippines
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
7
Poland*
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
Russia
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
Slovak Republic*
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
South Africa
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
Thailand
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
2
Turkey
2
4
1
4
1
0
1
0
0
1
14
Ukraine
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
3
United States
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
Viet Nam
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
Totals for 01/01/1995 - 30/04/2014
6
7
5
6
10
4
11
7
9
6
136
TheEuropean Union enlarged its Membership on 1 May 2004, 1 J anuary 2007 and 1 J uly 2013. Thenewly-acceded countries still appear on thetables in
16this
databaseas individual WTO Members as their statistics prior to joiningtheEuropean Union remain valid. All fgures pertainingto theEuropean Union arecounted
(a) on a 15-Member basis for theperiod between 1 J anuary 1995-30April 2004, (b) on a 25-Member basis for theperiod between 1 May 2004-31 December 2006 (c)

The context: Statistics

Some important facts about the EU:
Global goods imports have doubled since 2004
EUs participation has also increased notably (64%)
However, in absolute numbers imports have decreased
in comparison to 2011 and 2012, while exports have
increased

Leaving aside mineral fuels, machinery and

transport equipment constitutes the main import
group, followed by other groups of manufactured
goods, and chemicals

17

The context: Statistics

The usage of TDIs across WTO Membership
The EU continues to be ranked 3rd in terms of initiations,
after IND and US; BRA is a distant 4th but increasing quickly
From the peak in 2001, the number of initiations decreased,
reaching 165 in 2011; since then they increased quickly and
sharply (209, in 2012, and 283, in 2013)
The largest users in 2013 included BRA (54), US (39) and IND (29)
The EU only initiated 4 investigations in 2013, and 13 in 2012
Low numbers in comparison with its share of World imports

Main sectors covered by investigations:

World: XV, followed very distantly by VI and VII
EU: XV, followed very distantly by VI and XVI

18

The context: Statistics

Measures
Overall
the EU remains ranked the 3rd in terms of measures, behind IND and the
US
the number of measures imposed in 2010-2012 has been among the
lowest; however 2013 shows a change in the trend with 39 more measures
than in 2012 and 50 more than in 2011
while the peaks of 2000 and 2003 are still far away, the increase of
initiations may lead to high number of measures in 2014 and 2015

In spite of the severe crisis, the average number of measures per year
imposed by the EU during the period 2010-2013 is much lower than in
2000-2004 and 2005-2009
BRA and IND have been the two countries that imposed the largest
number measures in the past 4 years
Main sectors: XV, VI and VII (World); XV, VI and XVI (EU)

19

The context
Summary:
In spite of the crisis, the EU has not been among the most
active users of TDIs and certainly below its participation in
global imports
However, if we look at the most recent past (2013) and
current year, the trend in the EU is similar to other users, i.e.
sharp increase in initiations
Because of time lag between initiation and conclusion of an
investigation, the impact on the number of measures will only be
seen in 2015 and 2016

With the sharp increase of investigations and measures,

trade friction should be expected to increase in the short and
medium term

20

The EU system in a nutshell

3 Regulations adopted following the conclusion of
the Uruguay Round
Based on the relevant WTO Agreements, with
important additional requirements, e.g.
lesser duty rule based on injury margin
public interest

Non-market economy/dumping calculation

Supranational in nature competence lies with the
EU institutions
Decisions reviewable by the EU Courts (2 levels)
Implementation remains mainly national (customs
offices)
21

Review of the system

Evaluation of TDIs
Main conclusions and recommendations
Reaction by the Commission Preparation of a
proposal to amend the AD and AS regulations; main
content and current situation

System in constant change to adapt to best

practices and findings of the WTO and
EUCJ:

Main changes following the WTO challenges

Main changes following EUCJ rulings
Improved transparency
Hearing officer
22

Major issues
Globalisation and its impact on production
and trade
Concentration on intermediate and final
products
From bringing TD cases against raw materials
to challenging export restrictions in the WTO

Political issues recent cases

How to address tit-for-tat or retaliation?

Small and medium enterprises

How to make it easier for SMEs to use TDIs?

23

Litigation
Coping with increased litigation in WTO:
5 requests for consultations (DS405-CHN, 442IDN, 473-ARG, 474-RUS and 480-IDN)
1 panel report issued (DS405); found a few
violations of the WTO ADA; measure expired
1 panel established but not composed (DS442)
1 panel established and composed (DS473);
expected in mid 2015
1 panel established, under composition
(DS474)
1 ongoing consultations (DS480)
24

Litigation
Horizontal issues under examination
in the WTO:
Dumping:
The consistency of various provisions of the
ADR (2.3, 2.5 and 2.6(b)) with WTO obligations
The application of the particular market
situation clause to raw materials
The use of costing information from outside
the country of origin

Causality and non-attribution analysis

25

The EUs resources

DG TRADE, Directorate H, which is divided in 6 units
H1: General policy, Relations with the WTO, Relations
with industry (Office of complaints: 12 officials)
H2-6: Deal with investigations, follow-up of measures
(monitoring of implementation and anti-circumvention),
and third country investigations

Resources available: 140 officials, including

administrative support directly assigned to
Directorate H
This excludes officials in other Directorates of DG Trade
that may deal with e.g. WTO DS in the area of trade
defence

More information on the Annual Activity Report 2013

and its annexes
26

Main sources of information

DG Trade website
Eleventh Report: Overview Of Third Country
Trade Defence Actions Against The European
Union For The Year 2013
Annual Activity Report 2013 of the Directorate
Basic AD Regulation
Basic AS Regulation
Main Safeguards Regulation

WTO website

27

Contact :
EU-MUTRAP Project Management Unit
1203, 12th Floor, Office Building, Hanoi Tower,
49 Hai Ba Trung, Hoan Kiem, Ha Noi
Tel: (84 - 4) 3937 8472
Fax: (84 - 4) 3937 8476
Email: mutrap@mutrap.org.vn
Website: www.mutrap.org.vn
(Training materials are available on the above
website)
28