MM222

Strength of Materials
Lecture 04
Spring 2015

Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Research Associate
Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, GIK Institute
Contact: Office G13, Faculty Lobby
raza@giki.edu.pk, hkabeerraza@gmail.com, 03344025392

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

Revision Last Week

CLOs
Course contents
Grading policy
Books
Basic concepts

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

CLOs
CLO-1: Demonstrate the fundamental concepts of stress and strain
and strain-stress equations in order to solve problems for simple
three-dimensional elastic solids. [PLO1]
CLO-2: Analyze the problems relating to torsional deformation of
bars and other simple tri-dimensional structures.[PLO2]
CLO-3: Solve problems relating to pure and non-uniform bending of
beams, columns and other simple structures.[PLO2]
CLO-4: Evaluate the stresses from the strain energies data in elastic
solids.[PLO2]

PLO: Program Learning Outcome

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

PLOs
1. Engineering Knowledge
2. Problem Analysis
3. Design/Development of Solutions
4. Investigation
5. Modern Tool Usage
6. The Engineer and Society
7. Environment and Sustainability
8. Ethics
9. Individual and Team Work
10.Communication
11. Project Management
12.Lifelong Learning

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Books
Mechanics of Materials by Beer and Johnston, 6 th ed.
(Course textbook)
Mechanics of Materials by Vable, 2nd ed.
Strength of Materials and Structures by JOHN CASE,
4th Ed.
Mechanics of Solid Materials by J. Lemaitre and J. L.
Chaboche
Mechanical Metallurgy by George E. Dieter, SI Metric
Ed.
Applied Mechanics of Solids by Allan F. Bower
(available online at
http://solidmechanics.org/contents.htm)

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Basic Concepts

Engineering and True stress and strains

Normal and Shear stresses
Stress tensor (9 components)
Sign conventions
Conditions of equilibrium
Free body diagram
Hookes Law
Generalized Hookes Law

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Hookes Law
For spring
Extension in spring is proportional to the
applied force
Spring constant

For elastic solids

Stress is proportional to strain

Elastic modulii (E and G)
Normal and shear stress-strain relations
= E OR = G
Normal and shear strains

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Generalized form of Hookes Law

Poissons Effect: Elongation in axial direction
accompanies contraction in lateral (transverse)
directions
Poissons ratio
An example of uni-axial loading of tensile bar
x will have accompany one axial component
of strain x and two transverse components y
and z
or
Poissons ratio =

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Generalized form of Hookes Law

Assumption: applied normal stresses do not produce shear

strains on x, y or z planes while the applied shear stresses
do not produce normal stresses on the x, y or z planes
Total strains in x, y and z direction is found by
superposition of the components;
Shear strains are simple related to the applied shear
stresses. i.e.

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Elastic Constants
Summation of the equations of Hookes Law

Normal strain =
Shear strain =
Youngs Modulus = E
Poissons ratio = v
Shear modulus = modulus of rigidity = G
Hydrostatic stress
Volumetric strain =
Bulk modulus = the volumetric modulus
of elasticity =

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Relation b/w engineering and true

stress and strains

Considering constant volume:

From (1) and (2)

MM222
Strength of Materials
Lecture 05
Spring 2015

Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Research Associate
Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, GIK Institute
Contact: Office G13, Faculty Lobby
raza@giki.edu.pk, hkabeerraza@gmail.com, 03344025392

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Example Equilibrium & Free body

diagrams

The structure is designed to

support a 30 kN load

The structure consists two

components
Perform a static analysis to
determine the internal force in
each structural member and the
reaction forces at the supports

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Structure Free Body Diagram

Structure is detached from supports and
the loads and reaction forces are
indicated
Conditions for static equilibrium:
M C 0 Ax 0.6 m 30 kN 0.8 m
Ax 40 kN

Fx 0 Ax C x
C x Ax 40 kN

Fy 0 Ay C y 30 kN 0
Ay C y 30 kN

Ay and Cy can not be determined from

these equations

rtant: The direction of Reactions in free body diagram may be taken along any ax

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Component Free-Body Diagram

In addition to the complete structure, each

component must satisfy the conditions for
static equilibrium

Consider a free-body diagram for the boom:

M B 0 Ay 0.8 m
Ay 0

substitute into the structure equilibrium

equation
C y 30 kN

Results:
A 40 kN C x 40 kN C y 30 kN

Reaction forces are directed along boom and

rod

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Method of Joints

The boom and rod are 2-force members, i.e.,

the members are subjected to only two forces
which are applied at member ends

For equilibrium, the forces must be parallel to

to an axis between the force application
points, equal in magnitude, and in opposite
directions

Joints must satisfy the conditions for static

equilibrium which may be expressed in the
form of a force triangle:

F
B 0

FAB FBC 30 kN

4
5
3
FAB 40 kN

FBC 50 kN

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Another method
Make the sum of forces zero (in the entire
structure) 1st condition of equilibrium
Cut the joint B from rest of the structure
Now we have three forces, say 30 kN, F1
and F2
Apply the condition of static equilibrium
and solve
In the same way solve for the other two
joints
Important for this method:
the direction of force is always taken
outward, if the force in component is
unknown
If the force is known: tensile is taken
outward while compression is taken inward

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Conclusions of example
Two force member
the members
subjected to only
two forces which are
applied at member
ends

The directions of forces

at supports can be
determined from the
orientation and shape of
component attached
Concept of Internal force

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Concept of Stress
Determination of forces at supports [1st]
Determination of internal forces in members [2nd]
These two are the initial steps of problem solving in
mechanics.
However this does not tell about whether the structure
(and the individual members) can safely bear the
applied load!!!
Intensity of force the stress
For every material in application, a limiting stress value
is defined; it cannot be used beyond this stress value
Units of stress (Pa, psi; 1.0 psi = 6895 Pa)

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Stress analysis
The next step of problem solving in
mechanics is stress analysis.
The internal forces in the last
example were +50 kN (FBC) and -40
kN (FAB). The cross sections are
AB=3050 mm2 and BC=20 mm
dia.
For example the allowable stress
(all) for steel is 165 MPa.
Check whether the structure will
work safely!!!
For aluminum all = 100 MPa, check
the safety and if not safe, calculate
the required minimum cross
sections

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Axial Loading

Axial Loading Normal stress

When the applied load is perpendicular
to the cross-section of interest
Example: last problem solved, lifting a
bucket

MM222
Strength of Materials
Lecture 06
Spring 2015

Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Research Associate
Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, GIK Institute
Contact: Office G13, Faculty Lobby
raza@giki.edu.pk, hkabeerraza@gmail.com, 03344025392

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Shear Loading

Shear Shear Stress

When the applied load is parallel to the cross-section of interest
Example: walking on ground, the force between tire and road, force for twisting a
rod, shearing (cutting) by a scissor, a bold joining two plates under axial loading
Definition of shear stress: Force/Area
Single shear, double shear
Shearing force is taken only from one side of the cross-section

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Bearing stress

As a reaction of applied shear, the bolts/pins/rivets exert an opposite force on

the contact surface of the sheets/plates (or any thing to which they are
connected)
That force divided by the area is named as bearing stress
However the distribution of the force is quite complicated so the area in
bearing stress is taken as product of plate/sheet thickness and diameter of the
bolt/pin/rivet.
Remember: thickness taken will be along the axis of bolt/pin/rivet.

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Calculation of Shearing and

Bearing stresses

Recall the last example

Note (all dimensions in mm)
Rod BC: Dia = 20 & Flat
ends = 2040)
Boom AB: Cross section
= 5030
At C: a simple pin of dia
25
At A: pin (25) fitted into
double bracket (25, 25)
At B: the members
connected by a pin (25
dia) & Load is hanged
through a U-shaped
bracket. BC is connected
through flat end while
AB fitted with clevis
(branch thickness of 20).

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Calculation of Shearing and

Bearing stresses
Shearing stresses
At C

Single shear
P = 50 kN
Dia = 25mm
= 102 MPa

At A

Double shear
P = F/2
Dia = 25mm
= 40.7 MPa

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Calculation of Shearing and

Bearing stresses
Shearing stresses
At B

5 segments
Shearing sections = 4
Forces from one side
DE (At E)
P = 15 kN

DEG (At G)
P = 25 kN

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Calculation of Shearing and

Bearing stresses

Bearing stresses
At C:
In Member: d =25, t=20, P =
50 kN
b = 100 MPa
Same in support

At A:
In member: d=25, t=30, P=40
kN
b = 53.3 MPa
In bracket: d=25, t=50, P=40
kN
b = 32 Mpa
Half on each branch

Spring 2015

MM222 Strength of Materials

By Hafiz Kabeer Raza

Maximum Normal Stresses

Maximum normal stress occurs
where the cross section is
minimum
The portions near holes
Cross-section at hole at C
20(40-25)
= 166.7 MPa

Cross-section at hole at B
30(50-25)
= 53.3 MPa

Compare with the average stress

values (159 MPa in BC and 26.7
MPa in AB)