KEBIJAKAN POLITIK

ANTI KORUPSI

Tujuan Pembelajaran
Mahasiswa mengerti definisi,
cakupan, dimensi, dan batasan
pengertian korupsi;
Mahasiswa mengerti dan
memahami strategi
pemberantasan korupsi.

Definisi Korupsi:

the use of public

office for private
gain (WB)
berkaitan dengan
resources
(sumberdaya: uang,
asset, property)

the abuse of
entrusted power for
private gain (TI)
berkaitan dengan
kekuasaan/kewenan
gan (ijin, penilaian,
pengawasan)

Beragam bentuk korupsi:

Bribes: payments to public officials to persuade them to do something
(quicker, smoother or more favorably).
Collusion: secret agreement between contractors to increase profit
margin
Fraud: falsification of records, invoices etc.
Extortion: use of coercion or threats. E.g. a payment to secure /
protect ongoing service (cf. collusive corruption where both sides
benefit)
Favoritism/Nepotism in allocation of public office
Grand corruption: high level mafia, political corruption
Petty corruption: corruption in public administration and/or during
implementation or continuing operation and maintenance

Definisi dalam beberapa

perspektif:

Public-office-centred
perspective

Market-centred perspective

Public interest-centred perspective

Determining misuse or abuse is

difficult

Karena itu...

Some theorists believe,

however...

The use of legal devices, however, is also

sometimes less appropriate

KORUPSI

Stimulan korupsi

Formula of corruption

Corruption = Monopoly + Discretion Accountability

HIGH

HIGH

LOW

High risk corruption,

when
Combination of high risk
characteristics:

Monopolistic behavior
Large flow of PUBLIC money
High public demand
High cost of sector assets
Asymmetry of power and information
Sector/ technical complexity
Secretive operation/process

Framework for
understanding corruption

Public to public
Diversion of resources
Appointments and transfers
Embezzlement and fraud in
planning and budgeting

Public
Actors

Public to private
Procurement collusion, fraud,
bribery
Construction fraud and bribery

Corruption occurs
between public officials

Public to citizen / consumer

Illegal connections
Falsifying bills and meters

Private

Public
Officials

Consumers

and 3 different sets of

actors

An Interaction
Framework

PUBLIC
PUBLIC
interactions

PUBLIC
PRIVATE
interactions

Policy-making
Planning / budgeting / financing
Management
Tendering and Procurement
Construction / Operations / Services
Payment Systems

PUBLIC
CONSUMER
interactions

An Interaction
Framework

PUBLIC
PUBLIC
interactions

PUBLIC
PRIVATE
interactions

PUBLIC
CONSUMER
interactions

Policy-making
Planning / budgeting / financing
Management
Tendering and Procurement
Construction / Operations

Services

Payment Systems

PUBLIC
PUBLIC
interactions

Distortions and
diversion of
government budgets

PUBLIC
PRIVATE
interactions

PUBLIC
CONSUMER
interactions

State Capture of
policy and regulatory
frameworks

Administrative
fraud
Document
falsification

Bribery, fraud,
collusion in tenders
Fraud / bribes in
construction

Illegal connections
Speed bribes
Billing/payment bribes

bribery / fraud in
community
procurement
elite capture

Policy-making /
Regulating
Diversion of funds
Distortions in decisionmaking, policy-making
Planning and budgeting
Corruption in planning
and management
Bribery and kickbacks in
fiscal transfers
Management and
Program Design
Appointments, transfers
Preferred candidates
Selection of projects

Anti-corruption
Measures

Early warning
indicators

PUBLIC to PUBLIC
interactions

Monopolies / tariff
abnormalities
Lack of clarity of
regulator / provider
roles

Embezzlement in
budgeting, planning,
fiscal transfers
Speed / complexity of
budget processes
Number of signatures
% spending on capital
intensive spending

Unqualified senior
staff
Low salaries, high
perks, cf. HH assets
Increase in price of
informal water

Policy and tariff reform

Separation
Transparent minimum
standards
Independent auditing
Citizen oversight and
monitoring
Technical auditing
Participatory planning
and budgeting
Performance based staff
reforms
Transparent, competitive
appointments

Early warning
indicators

PUBLIC to
PRIVATE
interactions

Procurement
Bribery, fraud,
collusion in tenders

Construction
Fraud / bribes in
construction

Operations
Fraud / bribes in
construction

Same tender lists

Bidders drop out
Higher unit costs

Variation orders
Low worker
payments

Single source
supply
Change in quality
and coverage

Anti-corruption
Measures

Simplify tender
documents
Bidding
transparency
Independent
tender evaluation
Integrity pacts
Citizen oversight
and monitoring
Technical auditing
Citizen auditing,
public hearings
Benchmarking
SSIP support
mechs

PUBLIC to
CONSUMER
interactions

Construction
Community based WSS
theft of materials
Fraudulent documents

Operations
Admin corruption
(access, service, speed)

Payment systems

meter, billing and

collection fraud and
bribery

Early
warning
indicators

Loss of materials
Infrastructure
failure
Low rate of
faults
Lack of interest
in connection
campaigns
Night time
tanking
Unexplained
variations in
revenues

Anticorruption
Measures
Corruption
assessments
Citizen
monitoring and
oversight
Report cards
Transparency in
reporting
Citizen
oversight and
monitoring
Complaint
redressal
Reform to
customer
interface (e.g.

Identifying
`hotspots
Contoh kasus:
Korupsi dalam sektor
pelayanan air