As presented by : Group 8
-
Table of contents
Introduction to
covalent bonds
Octet rule,
single bonds & double
bonds
Octet Rule
Share electron
Eight electrons in valence shell
Atoms seek the most stable electron configuration
Requires eight electrons because it is the amount needed to
fill the s and p orbital
Gilbert N.
Lewis
Chlorine trifluoride
Chlorine has 10 electrons in valence shell
Boron trifluoride,
Boron has 6 electrons in valence shell
Xenon tetrafluoride,
First discovered binary compound of a noble gas
Xenon has 12 electrons in valence shell
Single bonds
One electron pair is shared between two atoms.
The bond is weaker.
Smaller density.
Most stable.
Double bonds
Two electron pairs are shared between the two
atoms.
Basic
Basic++Complex
Complex
Ethylene
Elaidic acid
Double bonds
Not flexible
Cannot rotate
Requires more energy to break
Triple bonds,
Coordinate bonds
Triple Bonds
Three covalent bonds between two atoms
Video?
NH3
HCl
>>> NH4+
Cl-
Coordination complexes
Lone pairs in the oxygen atom of water
form coordinate bonds with the central Fe2+
ion.
In this case :
- Water molecules are ligands.
- Resulting ion is a complex ion.
[Fe(H2O)6]2+ ion
Hexaaquairon (II) ion
- Co-ordination number : 6 , because it has 6
coordinate bonds to the central metal ion.
- 1 water molecule forms 1 coordinate bond
with the central metal ion. Therefore, water
is a monodentate ligand.
- & - bonding,
polar & non-polar bonding
-bonding
Sigma ( ) bond: orbitals overlap head-on (1
Bond)
- Strongest type ofcovalent bonds due to the direct overlap of
orbitals.
- There is no more than 1 sigma bond between any two atoms.
-bonding
Polar bonds
A covalent bond between 2 different Atoms.
One with +ve charge, the other with ve charge.
Unequal sharing of electrons, which means they are polarised.
Chemically more reactive ( HO universal solvent).
+
Y -
Polar Molecules
+
H
A molecule which has both small +ve and ve charge at two ends.
We call it Dipole.
Cl Cl Cl
- - -
Non-Polar Molecule
InIngeneral,
difference,
general,the
thehigher
higherthe
theelectronegativity
electronegativity
difference,
Must
be
symmetrical.
the
more
polar
are
the
bonds.
the
more
polar
are
the
bonds.
- Contains lone pair
Must not contain lone
Eg.
- Not symmetrical
pair.
Eg.H-F
H-Fand
andH-O
H-Oare
arevery
verypolar.
polar.
DRAWING SESSION!
(CH, CO)( H & Cl on CHCl) ( HS )
Orbital hybridization
According to the valance bond theory, carbon should form two covalent bonds,
resulting in a CH2.
In reality, CH2 highly reactive and CH4 is the one that is formed.
This would result in a formation of CH4. But, it also means that the C-H
bonds have different energies due to the overlapping of different orbitals
(2s , 2p).
In reality, all four of CH4s C-H bonds have equal energy. Therefore, it
can only be explained if the 2s and 2p orbitals combine to form sp3
hybrid orbitals.
References
External Links :
http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/bonding/covalent.html
http://ibchem.com/IB/ibnotes/full/bon_htm/14.2.htm
http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/c120/bondel.html
http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryglossary/g/Double-Bond-Definition.htm
http://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/VirtTxtJml/intro3.htm
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Theoretical_Chemistry/Chemical_Bonding/General_Principles/Covalent_Bonds
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_hybridisation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VSEPR_theory
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bond
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_bond
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi_bond
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipolar_bond
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Organic_Chemistry/Fundamentals/Hybrid_Orbitals
Graphics credits :
https://
chemistry-batz.wikispaces.com/file/view/Octet%20Rule.jpg/396408818/329x225/Octet%20Rule
.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bond#mediaviewer/File:Covalent_bond_hydrogen.svg
http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/linoleic/elaidic.gif
http://www.chemeddl.org/resources/models360/models.php?pubchem=6356
http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/bonding/nh4cldiag.GIF
http://alevelchem.com/aqa_a_level_chemistry/unit3.5/s355/01.htm
http://physicsandchemistryrevision.tumblr.com/post/25213582977/a2-chemistry-f324
http://intro.chem.okstate.edu/HTML/SCFIMG/SCH840.gif
http://
www.meritnation.com/img/shared/discuss_editlive/4255118/2013_08_17_19_49_08/gcpzfht
x1759929696093119131.png
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Organic_Chemistry/Fundamentals/Hybrid_Orbitals
http://www.futura-sciences.com/magazines/matiere/infos/dossiers/d/chimie-mille-facettes-car