110
Introduction to Scientific
Thought
Spring
2010
My heart leaps up when I behold
A Rainbow in the sky:
So was it when my life began;
So is it now I am a man;
So be it when I shall grow old,
Or let me die!
The Child is father of the man;
And I could wish my days to be
Bound each to each by natural piety
by William Wordsworth
Flower in the crannied wall,
I pluck you out the crannies,
I hold you here, root and all, in my hand,
Little flower – but ‘if’ I could understand
What you are, root and all, and all in all,
I should know what God and man is.
• `Twas brillig, and the slithy toves • One, two! One, two! And through and through
• Did gyre and gimble in the wabe: • The vorpal blade went snicker-snack!
• All mimsy were the borogoves, • He left it dead, and with its head
• And the mome raths outgrabe.
• He went galumphing back.
The nature of Evidence. What is the relationship between observation and hypothesis?
History of Science
What is science? Is there such a thing as science?
The Art of Observation – Optical Illusions, Modern Art and Gestalt Formation
Philosophical foundations of science
Good Science, Bad Science and Pseudo-Science
Great Ideas in Science
Alternative medicine, medical quackery, and hoaxes
Scientific literacy
The Precautionary Principle
Religion and Science
Ethics and science- Tolerance and intolerance
Observation – art and illusions
Science and art
Technology - applied science
Limitation of Science
Serendipity in Science
Required Texts:
The Scientists, John Gribbin, Random House, New York, 2003
You are responsible to read the text on your own. Once a week there is a
quiz based on the text and lectures. Lectures will not only supplement
textural material covered, but also discuss topic not found in the text.
CLASS SCHEDULE
Discuss Syllabus and Science Project. Copernicus ŅMy heart Leaps UpÉÓ 1/23
Introductory Lecture pp 1 to 32 Bathroom mirror experiment First day of class
Shroud of Turin Brahe / Kepler Shroud of Turin
Bowen Massage pp. 33 to 67 Is Bowen good medicine?
The universe and the Standard Model Galileo/Descartes Garbage bag experiment 1/30
pp 68 to 148 Rainbows, clouds, sunsets Quiz 1
What is science? Induction/deduction Geology/Darwin pp 319 to 358 Debate: Creative Design vs. Evolution 2/27
connection between observation and Number series Quiz 5
Theory Origin of bipedalism
The origin life -What is man?
Observation Š art and illusions Atoms/ molecules Chromatography of leaf or black 3/13
Gestalt Formation Pp 359 to 399 marking pen Exam 2
Shape of cumulus clouds
Color of sunrise or sunset
Science and art Is the horizon curved? 3/20
Quiz 7
The Shroud of Turin is a centuries old linen cloth that bears the image of a
crucified man. A man that millions believe to be Jesus of Nazareth. Is it
really the cloth that wrapped his crucified body, or is it simply a medieval
forgery, a hoax perpetrated by some clever artist? Modern science has
completed hundreds of thousands of hours of detailed study and intense
research on the Shroud. It is, in fact, the single most studied artifact in
human history, and we know more about it today than we ever have before.
And yet, the controversy still rages.
Face Negative and Positive
Images
Front View Shroud of Turin
Carbon-14 in Living Things
• The carbon-14 atoms that cosmic rays create combine with
oxygen to form carbon dioxide, which plants absorb naturally
and incorporate into plant fibers by photosynthesis. Animals and
people eat plants and take in carbon-14 as well. The ratio of
normal carbon (carbon-12) to carbon-14 in the air and in all
living things at any given time is nearly constant. Maybe one in
a trillion carbon atoms are carbon-14. The carbon-14 atoms are
always decaying, but they are being replaced by new carbon-14
atoms at a constant rate. At this moment, your body has a
certain percentage of carbon-14 atoms in it, and all living plants
and animals have the same percentage.
Turin Shroud confirmed as
a fake
"A medieval technique helped us to make a Shroud," Science & Vie (Science and Life) said
in its July issue. The Shroud is claimed by its defenders to be the cloth in which the body of
• Jesus Christ was wrapped after his crucifixion.
• It bears the faint image of a blood-covered man with holes in his hand and wounds in his
body and head, the apparent result of being crucified, stabbed by a Roman spear and
forced to wear a crown of thorns.
• In 1988, scientists carried out carbon-14 dating of the delicate linen cloth and concluded
that the material was made some time between 1260 and 1390. Their study prompted the
then archbishop of Turin, where the Shroud is stored, to admit that the garment was a
hoax. But the debate sharply revived in January this year.
• Drawing on a method previously used by skeptics to attack authenticity claims about the
Shroud, Science & Vie got an artist to do a bas-relief -- a sculpture that stands out from the
surrounding background -- of a Christ-like face.
Turin Shroud confirmed as
a fake
• A scientist then laid out a damp linen sheet over the bas-relief and let it dry, so that the thin cloth was moulded onto the face.
Using cotton wool, he then carefully dabbed ferric oxide, mixed with gelatine, onto the cloth to make blood-like marks. When
the cloth was turned inside-out, the reversed marks resulted in the famous image of the crucified Christ.
• Gelatine, an animal by-product rich in collagen, was frequently used by Middle Age painters as a fixative to bind pigments to
canvas or wood.
• The imprinted image turned out to be wash-resistant, impervious to temperatures of 250 C (482 F) and was undamaged by
exposure to a range of harsh chemicals, including bisulphite which, without the help of the gelatine, would normally have
degraded ferric oxide to the compound ferrous oxide.
• The experiments, said Science & Vie, answer several claims made by the pro-Shroud camp, which says the marks could not
have been painted onto the cloth.
• For one thing, the Shroud's defenders argue, photographic negatives and scanners show that the image could only have
derived from a three-dimensional object, given the width of the face, the prominent cheekbones and nose.
Turin Shroud confirmed as
a fake
• In addition, they say, there are no signs of any brush marks. And, they argue, no pigments could
have endured centuries of exposure to heat, light and smoke.
• For Jacques di Costanzo, of Marseille University Hospital, southern France, who carried out the
experiments, the mediaeval forger must have also used a bas-relief, a sculpture or cadaver to
get the 3-D imprint.
• The faker used a cloth rather than a brush to make the marks, and used gelatin to keep the rusty
blood-like images permanently fixed and bright for selling in the booming market for religious
relics.
• To test his hypothesis, di Costanzo used ferric oxide, but no gelatin, to make other imprints, but
the marks all disappeared when the cloth was washed or exposed to the test chemicals.
• He also daubed the bas-relief with an ammoniac compound designed to represent human sweat
and also with cream of aloe, a plant that was used as an embalming aid by Jews at the time of
Christ.
Turin Shroud confirmed as
a fake
• He then placed the cloth over it for 36 hours -- the approximate time that Christ
was buried before rising again -- but this time, there was not a single mark on it.
• "It's obviously easier to make a fake shroud than a real one," Science & Vie
report dryly.
• The first documented evidence of the Shroud dates back to 1357, when it
surfaced at a church at Lirey, near the eastern French town of Troyes. In 1390,
Pope Clement VII declared that it was not the true shroud but could be used as
a representation of it, provided the faithful be told that it was not genuine.
Turin shroud 'older than
thought'
Tests in 1988 concluded the cloth was a medieval
"hoax”
The success of science often comes at the expense of religious dogma; the maintenance of religious
dogma always comes at the expense of science.
It is time we conceded a basic fact of human discourse: either a person has good reasons for what he
believes, or he does not. When a person has good reasons, his beliefs contribute to our growing
understanding of the world. We need not distinguish between "hard" and "soft" science here, or
between science and other evidence-based disciplines like history. There happen to be very good
reasons to believe that the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor on December 7th, 1941. Consequently, the
idea that the Egyptians actually did it lacks credibility.
Every sane human being recognizes that to rely merely upon "faith" to decide specific questions of
historical fact would be both idiotic and grotesque — that is, until the conversation turns to the origin
of books like the bible and the Koran, to the resurrection of Jesus, to Muhammad's conversation with
the angel Gabriel, or to any of the other hallowed travesties that still crowd the altar of human
ignorance.
Sam Harris: Science Must Destroy Religion
To win this war of ideas, scientists and other rational people will need to find new ways of talking about ethics
and spiritual experience. The distinction between science and religion is not a matter of excluding our ethical
intuitions and non-ordinary states of consciousness from our conversation about the world; it is a matter of our
being rigorous about what is reasonable to conclude on their basis. We must find ways of meeting our
emotional needs that do not require the abject embrace of the preposterous. We must learn to invoke
the power of ritual and to mark those transitions in every human life that demand profundity — birth,
marriage, death, etc. — without lying to ourselves about the nature of reality.
I am hopeful that the necessary transformation in our thinking will come about as our scientific understanding of
ourselves matures. When we find reliable ways to make human beings more loving, less fearful, and
genuinely enraptured by the fact of our appearance in the cosmos, we will have no need for divisive
religious myths. Only then will the practice of raising our children to believe that they are Christian, Jewish,
Muslim, or Hindu be broadly recognized as the ludicrous obscenity that it is. And only then will we stand a
chance of healing the deepest and most dangerous fractures in our world.
Science―
•Systematized
observations and tests of
proposed explanations
•Full-time specialists
•Explanations accepted
only with tests
Religion―
•A formalized system
with detailed beliefs,
•full time specialists,
•social arbiter,
•explanations
accepted without test
Ways of Knowing:
The Nature of
Science
A Private Universe
Explanation―
developing relationships between the known and the
unknown: stories, myths, tales, theories
Prediction―
if/then statements: taboos, adages, hypotheses
Control―
gives confidence and power that if you do certain things,
you will get a certain result: rituals, experiments
How do we respond?
Magic―
•A "black box"
•Part-time specialists
•difficult to control
•Accepts explanations without
question
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
The argument that language defines the way a person
behaves and thinks has existed since the early 1900's
when Edward Sapir first identified the concept. He
believed that language and the thoughts that we have
are somehow interwoven, and that all people are
equally being effected by the confines of their
language. In short, he made all people out to be
mental prisoners; unable to think freely because of
the restrictions of their vocabularies.
Ways of Knowing
"Received" wisdom
•Simple parental training
•Oral tradition
•Written word
•Faith
We face the ultimate brute question:
How you answer questions depends on your needs.
•Something is explained when it is the result of a general law
Example? “What goes up, must come down” results from the law of gravity
Epistemology
the nature of knowledge, its
presuppositions and
foundations, and its extent
and validity
the way that knowledge
claims are justified
How do people deal with the unknown?
The big problems?
We are conscious of our mortality.
We are aware of the limitations of our
knowledge…or should be.
We propose relationships between the known
and the unknown…
by using only terms and concepts of the
known.
An Unknown Man
cast glass with pate de verre inclusions
Linda Either info@lindaethier.com
Ways of Knowing
Perception
•The senses
Ways of Knowing
Science
Demands evidence, which makes
it materialistic
Hypotheses ― testable
statements of relationships
Tests are meant to falsify the
hypothesis (prove them wrong)
A theory is a body of interrelated
hypotheses that have been
difficult to falsify.
Truth vs. Validity
Truth is a matter of
belief or faith.
Validity is a matter of
how well an argument
meets the
requirements of the
system of logic within
which it operates.
For scientists truth is an
unattainable goal, and in
fact, is dangerous.
However, scientists
constantly question validity.
In this class we’ll be doing science!