A paper presentation on hoop stress in

cylindrical and spherical vessel

Department of Chemical Engineering

Malaviya National Institute of Technology
Jaipur
Presented to :Mr. Krunal Gangawane

Presented by :Sunny Alha

Sandeep Kumar
Subhash chandra
Ramaram

2011uch1066
2011uch1054
2011uch1064
2011uch1050

INDEX
Objective
Introduction
Lame formulae
Lower bound
Upper bound
Design formulae
External pressure
Conclusion and remarks
Reference

Objective
A review of simple formulae for elastic hoop
stresses in cylindrical and spherical pressure
vessels (What can be used when)

Introduction
1. The Classical formulae for the elastic hoop stress,
produced by an internal gauge pressure p acting
within thin-walled pressure vessels have
c = pr/t ,

s = pr/2t

eq.(1)

for cylindrical and spherical vessels, respectively. r and

t are corresponding inner radii and thicknesses.

Differeent form of above formulae were provided :-

1. Mariotte circa experiment :Mariotte tested closed thinwalled cylindrical tanks by connecting them to standpipes placed on top of
them. He found that the height of the water in the standpipes when cylinders
burst was proportional to the cylinder's wall thickness and inversely
proportional to its radius

p t/r
2. Barlow circa experiment : = pR/t
where R = r + t is the external radius.

cont.

The Accepted range of sufficiently small wall thicknesses is

t/r 1/10
( 2)
That is, that the thickness be at least one order of magnitude
smaller than the inner radius:
there upper limits for applying eqn (1) generally taken as t/r
1/5 .
When upper limits are exceeded, presumably formulae for
thick-walled vessels are to be used.

Lame formulae

Lame
formulae for the maximum hoop stress, max, produced by internal pressure within
thick-walled pressure vessels have

(4)

for cylindrical and spherical vessels, respectively.

As if t 0

As if t

max = pr/t ,
max = pr/2t

for cylinderical vessels

for sphereical vessels

max = p , = 0
max = p/2 , = 0

for cylindrical vessels

for spherical vessels

As t which has 0 for both cylinders and spheres. Hence there has to be some upper
limit or limits on t/r for eqn (1) to provide reasonable respective estimates of eqn (4).

3. Shigley experiment :s = p/t

where = r + t/2 is the mean radius for cylindrical vessels

4. Roark experiment :R = p/2t

where = r + t/2 is the mean radius for spherical vessels

5.

d = c + 0.6p ,
d = c + 0.1p

(t/r < 0.500)

(t/r < 0.356)

for cylinders and spheres under internal pressure

Lower bound
A straightforward way to obtain lower bounds is to determine
average hoop stress values using equilibrium: being averages,
these hoop stresses have to be lower bounds for hoop stress
maxima.
The Balancing forces per unit out-of-plane length
gives(cylindrical vessel)
(9)
where is the average cylindrical hoop stress and c is as in the
first of eqn (1). c is an average value and so a lower bound.

Cont.
Balancing forces on an inner
circle with those on an outer
annulus

gives where is now the

average spherical hoop
stress.

Cont.
As noted in , the lower bound in eqn (9) coincides with the
dominant term in the first of eqn (4) as t0. This lower bound
can therefore be improved by including the next t terms from
eqn(4) as t 0.
(from 4 & 9)
Hence ,
Where in _ is the consequent improved lower
bound for cylindrical hoop stresses, r continues as
the average radius,

Cont.
Proceeding similarly for spheres,

Hence, corrected result

Where in _ is the consequent improved lower

bound for spherical hoop stresses.

Upper bound
For cylindrical pressure vessels, recognizing that (R2 + r2)/
(R + r) R in the first of eqns (4), we have max pR/t. Hence
for an upper bound for cylindrical hoop stresses

wherein B continues to be from Barlow's formula .

Now the correct limit results for t , namely p.

Cont.
For spherical pressure vessels, recognizing that
{(R3 + 2r3)/(R2 + Rr + r2) R} in the second of eqns
(4), we have {max pR/2t}. Hence for an upper
bound for spherical hoop stresses

Again the correct limit results for t , namely p/2.

Design formulae
Motivated by the preceding observation, we consider a
class of design estimates of hoop stress maxima given by

d= _+p
(1)
wherein _is the consequent improved lower
bound for cylindrical hoop stress
is nondimensional parameter with a range of
0 .
When a = 0, just the improved lower-bound
estimates of hoop stress maxima are recovered
when = , the upper-bound estimates

Cylinderical vessel
For cylinders, from eq. (1)
e 0 for t/r 4 /(1-2 ). That is, errors are
conservative in this range of thicknesses. Within this
conservative thickness range, the maximum error
occurs when de/dt =0. where e is
e =(d- max)/ max*100
Where is d= (d+p)/2 and

max = (max+p)/2
Max. error is
emax= t^2/4r(r+t)*100
when t/r = 2

Spherical vessel
For sphere
e 0 and t/r= ((1-3^2)^(1/2)+3-1)/(1-2)
The max. error is
emax= (6rt^2(r+t)+t^4)/(9r^2(r+t)^2)
Where t/r= (6 +4)^(1/2)-2
Turning to specic choices for a, we rst note the
choice effectively made by the ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code,

Comparison of percentage errors for hoop stress formulae:

(a) cylindrical pressure vessels, (b) spherical pressure vessels

Superposition of cylindrical pressure vessel congurations.

External pressure
The development of such formulae follows immediately
from superposition. For example, for a cross section of a
cylinder the combined application of a uniform pressure
applied externally and internally leads to an all-round
uniform applied pressure that induces a hydrostatic state
of uniform, normal, compressive stresses of magnitude
equal to the applied pressure. This hydrostatic state
includes the hoop stress. Hence for hoop stresses
under external pressure, e, we simply have
e=-(+pe)
wherein pe is the applied external pressure and is
the hoop stress under an internal pressure of magnitude
pe .

Conclusion and remarks

formulae for hoop stresses that follows, estimates are
rst given for cylindrical pressure vessels then for
spherical pressure vessels. In these formulae for , p
continues as the internal gauge pressure, t as a vessel's
wall thickness, and r, rm and R as its inner, mean and
outer radius. The errors reported are relative percentage
errors in maximum shear stresses.
Consistent classical formulae for hoop stresses are

s = prm/t
c=pr/2t
The rst of these is apparently due to Shigley circa 1972
and should be used instead of the traditional expression,
pr/t, because it is far more accurate

Contd.
Upper bounds for hoop stresses are
b= pR/t
+ =pr/2t
The rst of these is given in Barlow. Errors are
conservative for all thickness but can be quite large:
up to 12.5% and 17.6%, respectively.

Reference
A review of simple formulae for elastic hoop
stresses in cylindrical and spherical pressure
vessels: What can be used when
G.B. Sinclair, J.E. Helms
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Louisiana
State University, Baton Rouge, LA
70803, USA