TAR1 Chapter 07d

Presentation Plus!
The American Republic To 1877

Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Developed by FSCreations, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio 45202
Send all inquiries to:
GLENCOE DIVISION
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
8787 Orion Place
Columbus, Ohio 43240
Chapter Introduction
Section 1
The Articles of Confederation
Section 2
Convention and Compromise
Section 3
A New Plan of Government
Chapter Summary
Chapter Assessment
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.
Click the Speaker button

to replay the audio.
Chapter Objectives
Section 1: The Articles of Confederation
Examine how the weaknesses of the Articles led
to instability.
Explain how the Confederation Congress dealt with
the western lands.
Click the mouse button or press the

Space Bar to display the information.
Chapter Objectives
Section 2: Convention and Compromise
Describe how the Constitutional Convention
broke the deadlock over the form the new
government would take.
Understand how the delegates answered the
question of representation.

Chapter Objectives
Section 3: A New Plan of Government
Understand the roots of the Constitution.
Explain how the Constitution limits the power
of government.

Why It Matters
When the American colonies broke their ties
with Great Britain, they faced the task of
forming independent governments at both the
state and national levels. In 1788 the
Constitution became the official plan of
American government.
The Impact Today

Created to meet the needs of a changing nation,
the Constitution has been the fundamental law
of the United States for more than 200 years. It
has served as a model for many constitutions all
over the world.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
The leaders of the new United States worked to
define the powers of government.
Key Terms
constitution
bicameral
republic
petition
ordinance
depreciate

Guide to Reading (cont.)

Reading Strategy
Organizing Information As you read this section, recreate the diagram on page 192 of your textbook and in the
ovals list the powers you think a national government
should have.
Read to Learn
how the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
led to instability.
how Congress dealt with the western lands.


Section Theme
Government and Democracy At both state and
national levels, the government of the United States
tried to define its powers.
Phillis Wheatley

Thirteen Independent States

Americans needed to establish their own
government and gain Britains respect. This
brought new challenges.
The British believed the new government was
weak and ineffective.
States organized their governments and
adopted their own state constitutions.
The writers wanted to prevent abuses of power
and also wanted to keep power in the hands of
the people.
(pages 192193)
Thirteen Independent States (cont.)

State constitutions limited the power of the
governor to avoid giving one ruler too much
power.
Pennsylvania replaced the office of governor
with an elected council of twelve members.
(pages 192193)

States divided functions between the governor
(Pennsylvanias council) and the legislature.
- The legislature was the more powerful branch
because of the limited powers of the governor.
- Most states had a bicameral, or two-house,
legislature. This further divided the power.
- Legislatures were popularly elected and elections
were frequent.
- State legislatures had many disagreements about
how to make taxes fair.
(pages 192193)

In most states only white males who were 21
years of age could vote. They also had to
either be property owners or pay a certain
amount of taxes.
In some states free African American males
could vote.
(pages 192193)
Why do you think Britain thought that the new

government was weak and ineffective?
Possible answer: Each state had its own government
and it was hard for the states to work together.
Because there was a weak central government with
limited powers, it was hard for the government to rule
over the states. Each state operated independently,
and Britain saw this as weak and ineffective.
(pages 192193)
Space Bar to display the answer.
Forming a Republic
Americans agreed that the country should be a
republic, which is a government with elected
representatives.
What they could not agree on was the origin
and powers of the new republic.
At first most Americans favored a weak
central government with the powers being
given to the states to function independently
except for the power to wage war and handle
relations with
other countries.
(pages 193195)
Forming a Republic (cont.)

In 1777 the Articles of Confederation were
adopted to provide for a central government.
At the time the country needed a central
government to fight the war against Britain.
The Articles were Americas first
constitution.
The states, though, gave up little of their
power. Each state kept its sovereignty,
freedom, and independence.
(pages 193195)

Under the Articles of Confederation, the
government, which was the Confederation
Congress, had the authority to:
-
conduct foreign affairs

maintain armed forces
borrow money
issue currency
(pages 193195)

The government did not have the authority to:
- regulate trade
- force citizens to join the army
- impose taxes
Congress needed to ask state legislatures to

raise money and provide troops.
The government did not have a chief
executive.
(pages 193195)

Each state had one vote in Congress.
State population did not matter, although
larger, more populated states believed that
they should have more votes.
States also argued about whether or not they
claimed land in the West.
Maryland refused to ratify the Articles of
Confederation until states abandoned their
land claims.
Finally all 13 states approved the Articles on
March 1, 1781.
(pages 193195)

The Confederacy formally became the
government of the United States.
The Confederation government had its
weaknesses, but it won Americans their
independence, expanded foreign trade, and
provided for new states in the West.
- It had limited authority.
- It could not pass a law unless nine states voted for
it.
- To change the Articles of Confederation, all
13 states had to give consent. It was difficult,
therefore, for Congress to pass laws when there
was any opposition.
(pages 193195)
Why did the Confederation Congress have

limited authority?
The writers of the Articles of Confederation did
not feel that Americans wanted or needed a
strong central government. They thought that
giving the powers to the states would be a
reasonable way to run the new government.
Also, in light of their history of problems with
Britain, they feared a government with too much
(pages 193195)
power.
New Land Policies

The Articles of Confederation had no provision
for adding new states.
Congress realized it had to extend its authority
over the frontier and bring order and stability to
the territory where western settlers reached
almost 120,000 by the 1790s.
The Western ordinances had a large impact on
Western expansion and development of the
United States.
(pages 195197)
New Land Policies (cont.)

In 1784 Congress divided the Western territory
into self-governing districts.
When the number of people in a district
reached the population of the smallest existing
state, that district could apply for statehood.
In 1785 the Confederation Congress
established a new law that divided the Western
territories into larger townships and smaller
sections.
Each smaller section would be sold at auction
for at least $1 an acre.
(pages 195197)

This was called the Ordinance of 1785.
Land speculators bought large pieces of land
cheaply.
Another ordinance passed in 1787 was the
Northwest Ordinance.
- It created a Northwest Territory out of the
lands north of the Ohio River and east of the
Mississippi River.
- It divided the lands into three to five smaller
territories.
(pages 195197)

- It stated that when the population of a territory
reached 60,000 citizens, that territory could apply
for statehood.
- Each new state would enter as an equal to the
original 13 states.
- It included a bill of rights to protect the settlers
that guaranteed freedom of religion and trial by
jury.
- Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude were
permitted in the new territories.
(pages 195197)
How did the Ordinances of 1784 and 1785 and the

Northwest Ordinance of 1787 open the way for settlement
of the Northwest Territory?
They opened the door to land speculators, who probably
encouraged people to settle in the West.
The ordinances also divided the land so that as soon
as a smaller region reached a certain population, it could
apply for statehood. The bill of rights of the Northwest
Ordinance protected settlers by giving them certain freedoms.
This encouraged citizens to feel more comfortable moving to
a new place knowing that they were protected.
(pages 195197)
Trouble on Two Fronts

The Confederate government had trouble with
finances, and with Britain and Spain over
landholdings and trade.
Many Americans felt the country needed a
stronger government to better deal with the
problems.
The government had a large debt from
fighting the war.
Congress had borrowed money from
American citizens and foreign governments.
(pages 197198)
Trouble on Two Fronts (cont.)

It owed soldiers their wages. But because
Congress had no power to tax, it did not have a
way to raise revenue and pay off this debt.
Money was almost worthless. The paper
money printed during the Revolutionary War
had fallen in value, while the prices of food
and other goods soared.
In Boston, for example, high prices led to food
riots.
Because Congress had no power to tax, it and
the states issued paper money.
(pages 197198)

Because there were so many bills in
circulation, the value of the money fell. No
gold or silver backed these bills.
To help solve the financial problems, the
Confederacy created a department of finance.
Robert Morris, a Philadelphia merchant,

headed the department.
Morris proposed a plan that called for
collecting a 5 percent tax on imported goods
to help pay off the national debt.
(pages 197198)

Because of Rhode Islands opposition, the
measure did not pass. A second effort also
failed five years later.
The countrys financial situation worsened.
The problems with Britain concerned
landholdings and trade.
- British troops remained in several strategic forts
in the Great Lakes region even though Britain
had promised to withdraw all troops under the
Treaty of Paris.
- British merchants closed Americans out of the
West Indies and other profitable British markets.
(pages 197198)

- John Adams went to London in 1785 to discuss
these issues.
- The British claimed that because Americans had
not paid Loyalists for the property taken from
them during the war, as agreed to under the Treaty
of Paris, they were not willing to talk.
- Congress recommended payment, but the states
refused.
(pages 197198)

The problems with Spain were worse than
those with England.
- Spain closed the lower Mississippi River to
American shipping in 1784 in hopes of halting
American expansion into their territory of Spanish
Florida and lands west of the Mississippi River.
- A compromise was reached with an agreement in
1786 that limited American shipping on the
Mississippi.
- In return for this, Spain promised to accept the
border between Georgia and Spanish Florida
proposed by the Americans.
(pages 197198)

- Representatives from the South rejected the
agreement because it did not include the right to use
the Mississippi River.
(pages 197198)
What do you think George Washington meant

when he described the government by the
words little more than the shadow without the
substance?
Possible answer: The central government was
weak, he likened it to a shadow. It was there,
but because its powers were limited, it did not
have substance or a way to carry out its
duties.
(pages 197198)
Checking for Understanding

Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the
left.
__
C 1. a government in which citizens
rule through elected
representatives
__
E 2. a law or regulation
__
B 3. consisting of two houses, or
chambers, especially in a
legislature
__
D 4. a formal request
__
A 5. a formal plan of government

Space Bar to display the answers.
A. constitution
B. bicameral
C. republic
D. petition
E. ordinance

Reviewing Facts Describe the countrys
financial problems after the Revolutionary War.
Currency had depreciated; the government could

not tax to pay its war debt.

Reviewing Themes
Government and Democracy Why did most
states limit the power of their governors and
divide the legislature into two bodies?
British rule made them cautious about giving too

much power to single rulers or political bodies.

Critical Thinking
Predicting Consequences What effect do you
think the Northwest Ordinance had on Native
Americas?
Native Americans were forced to fight or give up

their lands and move.

Analyzing Visuals
Geography Skills Study the material on pages
194 and 195 of your textbook about the
Ordinance of 1785. Then answer these
questions. What present-day states were created
from the Northwest Territory? How many
sections are in a township?
Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin
were created. A township has
36 sections.

Citizenship Imagine you are an American citizen in

the 1780s. Create a poster that defends the Articles of
Confederation. Be sure to include reasons the
Confederation Congress is needed.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
The new Constitution corrected the weaknesses of
government under the Articles of Confederation.
Key Terms
depression
manumission
proportional
compromise


Reading Strategy
Organizing Information As you read this section, recreate the diagram on page 199 of your textbook. In the
boxes, describe the role each individual played in
creating the new plan of government.
Read to Learn
how the Constitutional Convention broke the
deadlock over the form the new government would
take.
how the delegates answered the question of
representation.

Section Theme
Groups and Institutions National leaders worked to
produce a new constitution for the United States.
George Washington

Economic Depression
The United States went through a depression,
or a time when economic activity slowed and
unemployment increased, after the
Revolutionary War.
- Because Southern plantations were damaged during
the war, they could not produce as much rice as
prior to the war.
- As a result, rice exports dropped.
- Farmers could not sell the goods they grew and
therefore did not have money to pay state taxes.
(pages 199201)
Economic Depression (cont.)

- As a result, farmers lost their lands when state
officials took their farms to pay the debt they owed.
- Some farmers were even jailed.

- American trade fell off when Britain closed the West
Indies to American merchants. As a result, currency
was in short supply, and whatever was around was
used to pay the war debt.
(pages 199201)

The Shayss Rebellion occurred as a result of
the problems farmers suffered.
In 1787 Daniel Shays led a group of more than
1,000 angry farmers in forcing courts in
western Massachusetts to close so judges
could not seize farmers lands.
Shays led the farmers toward the federal
arsenal in Springfield, Massachusetts, for arms
and ammunition.
The farmers did not stop, even when the state
militia fired over their heads and then directly
at them, killing four.
(pages 199201)

The uprising was over when Shays and
his followers scattered.
Americans felt the impact of the Shays
uprising.
Many were scared that future uprisings could
occur.
(pages 199201)

Slavery was a difficult issue that many people
and groups began to work toward ending.
- Quakers organized the first American Antislavery
Society in 1774.
- In 1780 Pennsylvania passed a law that provided for
freeing enslaved people gradually.
- In 1783 a Massachusetts court ruled slavery was
illegal.
- Between 1784 and 1804, Connecticut, Rhode Island,
New York, and New Jersey passed laws that
gradually ended slavery.
(pages 199201)

- In 1787 the Free African Society in Philadelphia was
formed.
Some states clung to slavery, especially those

south of Pennsylvania.
The plantation system relied on slavery
to survive.
Yet a number of slaveholders did begin
to free slaves after the war.
Virginia passed a law encouraging
manumission, or freeing individual enslaved
persons.
(pages 199201)

The abolition of slavery divided the country.
In 1787, when state representatives met to plan
a new government because they realized the
Articles of Confederation were weak, they
compromised on the issue of slavery.
It would take another war to resolve this issue.
(pages 199201)
More than once the country has been through

depressions after war. Why does a depression usually
follow a war?
Possible answer: After a war there are the issues of
rebuilding the country, readjusting to peacetime, and
addressing all the problems that a war brings. The
people who served in the war have to be brought back
and found work and housing. There are also economic
policies, including paying off
war debts, revising foreign trade policies, and
establishing a strong political leadership.
(pages 199201)
A Call for Change

Political leaders were divided on the issue of
the type of government the country should
have.
- One group wanted to remain with a system of
independent state governments.
- The other group wanted to create a strong national
government. This group called for reform of the
Articles of Confederation.
- James Madison and Alexander Hamilton were
proponents of a strong central government.
(page 201)
A Call for Change (cont.)

In September 1787, Hamilton proposed calling
a meeting in Philadelphia to discuss trade
issues and possible changes to the Articles of
Confederation so that the union would become
a nation.
George Washington finally agreed to attend
the convention although at first he was not
enthusiastic about revising the Articles of
Confederation.
His presence lent greater significance to the
meeting.
(page 201)
A Call for Change (cont.)
Do you think that a stronger national government

was the solution to Americas problems?
Possible answer: Yes, because so many issues had
to be dealt with and a central government could
oversee the process. The country needed a national
government to oversee the state governments and
work toward solving problems together.
(page 201)
The Constitutional Convention

The Constitutional Convention met in
Philadelphia beginning in May 1787 and
consisted of 55 delegates, none of whom were
Native American, African American, or women.
None of these groups were included in the

political process.
(pages 202203)
The Constitutional Convention (cont.)

Several leaders stood outGeorge Washington,
Ben Franklin, James Wilson, Gouverneur
Morris, who wrote the final draft of the
Constitution, Edmund Randolph, and James
Madison, who became known as Father of the
Constitution because he authored the basic
plan of government that was adopted.
(pages 202203)

George Washington presided. The basic rules
were:
- each state had one vote on all issues
- a majority vote was needed to finalize decisions
- delegates from at least 7 of the 13 states were
required for meetings to be held
- delegates met behind closed doors so they could
talk freely
Two plans of government were proposed

the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan.
(pages 202203)

The Virginia Plan, proposed by Edmund
Randolph from Virginia, called for a two-house
legislature, a chief executive chosen by the
legislature, and a court system.
- The people would elect members of the lower
house.
- The lower house would choose members
of the upper house.
- In both houses, the number of representatives
would be proportional to the population of each
state.
- A state with a smaller population would have
fewer representatives than a state
with a larger population.
(pages 202203)

The New Jersey Plan, proposed by William
Paterson, modified the Articles of
Confederation.
- It kept the one-house legislature with one vote
for each state.
- Congress would now have the powers to set
taxes and regulate trade.
- Congress would elect a weak executive branch
with more than one person.
(pages 202203)
Disagreement between the delegates occurred.

Do you think the Virginia Plan or the New
Jersey Plan would have created the type of
government that was needed at the time?
(pages 202203)
Compromise Wins Out

The delegates decided that simply revising the
Articles of Confederation would not solve the
problems.
They voted to plan a national government
based on the Virginia Plan, but they had to
work out several issues:
- how the members of Congress were to be elected
- how state representation would be determined in
both houses
(pages 203205)
Compromise Wins Out (cont.)

- whether or not enslaved people were to be counted
as part of the population, which would affect the
number of representatives for some states
- whether or not to ban slavery
The Great Compromise was the agreement used

to resolve the representation issues.
(pages 203205)

Roger Sherman of Connecticut proposed the
plan. It said that:
- There would be a two-house legislature.
- In the lower house, or House of Representatives, the
number of seats for each state would vary according
to the states population.
- In the upper house, or Senate, each state would have
two members.
- The way to count enslaved people would be
determined by the Three-Fifths Compromise.
(pages 203205)

- Each enslaved person was to count as three-fifths
of a free person for taxation and representation. So
every five enslaved people would equal three free
people.
- This broke the great debate that divided large and
small states.
Another compromise plan to resolve the issue

of slavery said that Congress would not
interfere with the slave trade until 1808.
Beginning that year, Congress could limit the
slave trade if it chose to.
(pages 203205)

The Northerners, who wanted to abolish
slavery throughout the nation and had already
banned the slave trade in their states,
compromised with the Southern states that
considered slavery and the slave trade essential
to their economies.
George Mason of Virginia proposed a bill of
rights to prevent the new government from
abusing its power, but it was defeated.
(pages 203205)

Most of the delegates felt that the Constitution
already provided adequate protection of the
peoples rights.
On September 17, 1787, after four months of
discussion and planning, the delegates met to
sign the document.
All but three delegates signed.
The Confederation Congress sent the approved
draft for state consideration.
Nine of the thirteen states were needed for the
Constitution to be approved.
(pages 203205)
Why do you think Masons plan for a bill of rights to

be included in the Constitution was defeated?
Possible answer: The delegates were focusing on
planning a strong national government and not
necessarily focusing on an individual bill of rights. They
believed that they had adequately planned for protecting
individuals by listing the powers of the government.
They could not foresee that the Constitution later was
criticized because it was lacking a bill of rights and that
in 1791 the Bill of Rights would be added to the
Constitution.
(pages 203205)


left.
__
B 1. the freeing of some enslaved
persons
A. depression
__
D 2. agreement between two or
more sides in which each side
gives up some of what it wants
C. proportional
__
C 3. to be the same as or
corresponding to
__
A 4. a period of low economic
activity and widespread
unemployment

B. manumission
D. compromise

Reviewing Facts Explain what caused Shayss
Rebellion. What was one effect?
Farmers wanted the government to help them.

Possible effects: some farmers were killed;
support grew for government; support for
revision of Articles was increased.

Reviewing Themes
Groups and Institutions How did the Great
Compromise satisfy both the small and the
large states on the question of representation?
In the House of Representatives, seats are based

on a states population; in the Senate, each state
has two seats.

Critical Thinking
Summarizing Information You are asked to
write a 30-second news broadcast to announce
the agreement made in the Great Compromise.
What would you include in the broadcast?
Information about the role of Roger Sherman, the
two-house legislature, and the Three-Fifths
Compromise would be included.

Analyzing Visuals
Picturing History Examine the images that
appear on pages 202 and 204 of your textbook.
What do they show? Where are they located?
Why are these places important in the nations
history?
Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
is shown. The Declaration of Independence and
the Constitution were signed here.

Government Create a political cartoon that

illustrates the view of either the Northern states or
the Southern states on how enslaved people should
be counted for representation.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
The United States system of government rests on the
Constitution.
Key Terms
Enlightenment
federalism
article
legislative branch
executive branch
Electoral College

judicial branch
checks and balances
ratify
Federalist
Antifederalist
amendment

Reading Strategy
Organizing Information Re-create the diagram on
page 207 of your textbook. In the boxes explain how
the system of checks and balances works.
Read to Learn
about the roots of the Constitution.
how the Constitution limits the power of
government.


Section Theme
Civic Rights and Responsibilities The Constitution
outlines the responsibilities and the limits of the three
branches of the national government.
Rising Sun chair, Constitutional

Convention

Roots of the Constitution

The Framers of the Constitution had studied
government, history, and politics.
Many ideas in the Constitution came from the
study of European political institutions and
political writers.
The Enlightenment also influenced the
delegates.
The British system of government and British
ideas and institutions influenced the Framers
of the Constitution.
(pages 207208)
Roots of the Constitution (cont.)

The English found ways to limit the power of
the monarch beginning in the 1200s.
The English Parliament controlled funds.
The English bill of rights guaranteed individual
rights, and the judicial system oversaw that
these rights were protected.
These ideas were included in the original
Constitution except for the Bill of Rights, which
was added a few years later.
The Framers took ideas about people and
government from European writers of the
Enlightenment.
(pages 207208)

The Enlightenment promoted knowledge,
reason, and science as the way to improve
society.
- Ideas of John Locke, an English philosopher,
included the belief that all people have natural
rights, including life, liberty, and property and that
government is an agreement, or contract, between
the people and the ruler.
- The Constitution was a contract between the
American people and their government, and it
protected the peoples natural rights by limiting the
power of the government.
(pages 207208)

- The French writer Baron de Montesquieu believed
that a separation and balance of powers should
exist. Also, the powers of government should be
clearly defined and limited.
- The Framers provided for a specification and a
division of powers.
- They also provided for a system of checks and
balances to make sure that no one part would gain
too much power.
(pages 207208)
Why did the Framers of the Constitution use the ideas

of the Enlightenment and the British system of
government to help them write the American
Constitution?
The Framers had studied European political systems,
were familiar with the British Parliament system, and
valued the ideas of the writers from the Enlightenment.
They used ideas from their studies because they wanted
to create a new government that would include all the
necessary aspects but that would also avoid mistakes of
the past.
(pages 207208)

The Federal System

The Federal System divided powers between
the national (federal) government and the
states. It created shared powers, a distinctive
feature of the United States government.
- The federal government had the powers to tax,
regulate trade, control the currency, raise an army,
and declare war.
- The state governments had the power to pass and
enforce laws and regulate trade within their borders.
- They could also establish local governments,

schools, and other institutions affecting the welfare
of their citizens.
(pages 208209)
The Federal System (cont.)

- Shared powers by the federal and states included
the power to tax and to build roads.
The Constitution became the supreme law of

the land, the final authority.
No state could make laws or take actions that
went against the Constitution.
Federal courts based on the Constitution
would settle disputes between the federal
government and states.
(pages 208209)
The Federal System (cont.)
Why do you think the Framers created a

federal system with shared powers?
Possible answer: The Framers probably felt
that certain powers needed to be carried out
by both the federal and state governments.
Thus we have federal and state taxes and
federal and state highways.
(pages 208209)
The Organization of Government

The federal government is divided into three
branches: legislative, executive, and judicial.
The legislative, or lawmaking, branch is made
of the House of Representatives and the
Senate.
Powers include collecting taxes, coining
money and regulating trade, declaring war,
raising and supporting armies, and making all
laws needed to fulfill its functions given to it
by the Constitution.
(pages 209211)
The Organization of Government (cont.)

Headed by the president the executive branch
carries out the nations laws and policies.
The duties of the president include being
commander in chief of the armed forces and
conducting foreign policy.
- In the Electoral College, each state chooses
electors to cast their votes for the president and
vice president.
- The president and vice president serve a fouryear term.
(pages 209211)

The judicial branch, or court system, consists
of the Supreme Court and lower courts.
The courts hear cases involving the
Constitution, laws passed by Congress, and
disputes between states.
The system of checks and balances, a
distinctive feature of the United States
government, maintains a balance of power.
(pages 209211)

It is a system that keeps one branch from
becoming more powerful than another.
Each branch has roles that limit the others.
- Both houses of the legislature must pass a bill
for it to become a law.
- The president can check Congress by vetoing
a bill.
- The judicial branch checks the Congress by
making sure the laws it passes do not conflict
with the Constitution.
(pages 209211)

- Congress can check the president by overriding the
veto, but two-thirds of both houses must vote for
the bill.
- The judicial branch checks the president by
making sure his decisions and actions are
legal.
- The judicial branch decides whether or not
decisions or actions by the legislative branch are
legal.
- The president appoints Supreme Court justices,
but the Senate checks by approving the
appointments.
(pages 209211)

The Constitution created a nation in which the
people could choose their officials and the
officials answered to the people, not the states.
(pages 209211)
More than 200 years later, the Constitution still stands as

the supreme law of the land. Do you agree that Americans
showed the world that it was possible for this new form of
self-government to work?
Possible answer: The Constitution was and still is a
document arrived at by astute political leaders who took
much pain to create what they hoped would be a way to
maintain the ideals of freedom and liberty that Americans
had fought so hard for. The Constitution provided the
backbone for the new self-governing country to run
efficiently and grow into the worlds strongest power today.
(pages 209211)
The Constitutional Debate

Before the Constitution could go into effect, 9
of the 13 states had to ratify it.
A great debate took place, with Americans
discussing arguments for and against the
Constitution.
State legislatures set up special ratifying
conventions.
Rhode Island was the only state that did not
call a convention because its leaders opposed
the Constitution from the beginning.
(pages 211212)
The Constitutional Debate (cont.)

Federalists supported the Constitution. George
Washington, Ben Franklin, James Madison,
Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay supported
the Constitution.
Madison, Hamilton, and Jay wrote the
Federalist Papers, a collection of essays
explaining and defending the Constitution.
The Antifederalists opposed ratification.
They wrote a series of essays known as the
Antifederalist Papers.


They believed that the new Constitution would
take away the liberties Americans had fought to
win, create a strong central government, and
ignore the will of the states and the people.
They wanted a bill of rights.
The debate exposed each groups fears.
The Federalists feared disorder without a strong
federal government and looked to the court to
create a national government capable of
maintaining order.

The Antifederalists feared oppression more
than disorder.
They worried that the government would be run
by a small educated group of people that would
hold the power.

Which group would you have sided with and

why?
Adopting the Constitution

The Constitution was ratified by all states,
despite opposition.
Delaware was the first to ratify on December 7,
1787.
New Hampshire was the ninth state to ratify on
June 21, 1788.
New York and Virginia, the two largest states,
had not yet ratified.
Both states had strong Antifederalist groups,
and their support was necessary to promote the
future of the new government.
(page 213)
Adopting the Constitution (cont.)

Virginia ratified at the end of June 1788 after
being told the Constitution would have a bill of
rights added to it.
New York narrowly ratified in July 1788,
North Carolina in November 1789, and Rhode
Island in May 1790.
Celebrations took place in hundreds of
American towns and cities.
The Constitution was finally ratified, and the
new nation had a new government.
A bill of rights was added in 1791.
(page 213)
Adopting the Constitution (cont.)
Why do you think all the states ended up ratifying the

Constitution, despite opposition to it?
Possible answer: As the majority of states ratified,
the remaining states of New York, Virginia, North
Carolina, and Rhode Island knew that the
Constitution could go into effect but would be more
effective if they also voted to ratify. These four states
may not have wanted to be left out and probably
voted to ratify so that the country would begin as a
united nation, believing in the ideals they fought for
and becoming a self-governing country.
(page 213)

left.
__
E 1. an addition to a formal
document such as the
Constitution
__
B 2. the sharing of power between
federal and state governments
__
D 3. a special group of voters
selected by their state
legislatures to vote for the
president and vice president
C 4. a part of a document, such as
__
the Constitution, that deals with
a single subject
A. Enlightenment
B. federalism
C. article
D. Electoral College
E. amendment

left.
__
A 5. movement during the 1700s that A. Enlightenment
spread the idea that knowledge, B. federalism
reason, and science could
C. article
improve society
D. Electoral College
E. amendment


Reviewing Facts What influence did John
Locke have on American government?
Locke wrote that government is based on a

contract between the people and the ruler. The
Framers viewed the Constitution as a contract
protecting the peoples natural rights by
limiting the governments power.

Reviewing Themes
Civic Rights and Responsibilities Why did the
Framers of the Constitution believe that a
division of powers and a system of checks and
balances were necessary in a government?
The division of powers and a system of checks
and balances were necessary to keep any one
branch from gaining too much power.

Critical Thinking
Finding the Main Idea What do you think
was the most important reason for establishing
a strong central government under the
Constitution?
Possible answer: A strong central government
could address issues that affected the nation as a
whole.

Analyzing Visuals
Political Cartoons Study the political cartoon
on page 213 of your textbook. Then answer the
questions that follow. What do the pillars
represent? How do the last two pillars appear?
The pillars represent the states that ratified the
Constitution. They are rising to join the other
states.

Citizenship Refer to the Bill of Rights on pages 244

245 of your textbook. Collect photographs from
newspapers or magazines that illustrate the freedoms
guaranteed in the Bill of Rights.
Put your photos on a poster titled Pictures of
Liberty.

left.
__
B 1. to give official approval to
A. constitution
__
F 2. a special group of voters
selected by their state
legislatures to vote for the
president and vice president
B. ratify
__
D 3. the branch of government that
makes the nations laws
E. executive branch
__
C 4. consisting of two houses, or
chambers, especially in a
legislature
__
A 5. a formal plan of government
C. bicameral
D. legislative branch
F. Electoral College

left.
__
E 6. the branch of government,
headed by the president, that
carries out the nations laws
and policies
A. constitution
B. ratify
C. bicameral
D. legislative branch
E. executive branch
F. Electoral College

Reviewing Key Facts

Summarize the strengths and weaknesses of the
Articles of Confederation.
The strengths of the Articles of Confederation

were that it could conduct foreign affairs, issue
currency, borrow money, and maintain armed
forces. The weaknesses were that it could not
regulate trade, make soldiers join the army, or
impose taxes.

Reviewing Key Facts

What was the Three-Fifths Compromise?
A slave counted as three-fifths of a person for

purposes of taxation and representation.

Reviewing Key Facts

What powers did the Constitution leave in the
hands of the state governments?
State governments had all powers not specifically

granted to the Federal government.

Reviewing Key Facts

Why did some states want a bill of rights added
to the Constitution?
They did not think that the Constitution, as

written, protected individual rights.

Reviewing Key Facts

How does the system of checks and balances
work?
Each branch has a role that limits other

branches.

Critical Thinking
Analyzing Themes: Groups and Institutions
Were the people who attended the Constitutional
Convention representative of the American
public? Explain.
No; women, African Americans, and Native
Americans were not included.

Critical Thinking
Drawing Conclusions Why was a system of
checks and balances built into the Constitution?
It was included to keep any one branch from

dominating the government.

Geography and History Activity

Study the map below and answer the questions on the following
slides.

How many miles
long and wide was
a township?
A township was
six miles long and
wide.


How many miles
long and wide was
a section?
A section was one

mile long and
wide.


How many acres
were in a section?
A section was 640

acres.

Standardized Test Practice

Directions: Choose the best answer to the following multiple choice
question.
Each of the states enacted constitutions in the late 1700s. All state
constitutions
A
established equal rights for all persons living in the state.
set up legislative and executive branches of state government.
granted women the right to vote.
agreed that states would be supervised by the federal government.
Test-Taking Tip Eliminate answers that dont make sense. For

example, equal rights for all (choice A) is a fairly new concept.
During the 1700s, women and enslaved people had few rights.
How many total essays were included in The

Federalist Papers?
85 essays were included in The Federalist

Papers.

Explore online information about the topics introduced

in this chapter.
Click on the Connect button to launch your
browser and go to The American Republic to
1877 Web site. At this site, you will find
interactive activities, current events
information, and Web sites correlated with the
chapters and units in the textbook. When you
finish exploring, exit the browser program to
return to this presentation. If you experience
difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually
launch your Web browser and go to
http://tarvol1.glencoe.com
Science As the Constitutional Convention drew to a

close, delegates saw the demonstration of a possible
new form of transportation. Meeting at the Delaware
River on August 11, they boarded a steam-powered boat
built by John Fitch and rode along at 3 mph (4.8 kph).
Science Modern technology has helped preserve the

Constitution document. It is scanned by electronic
scanners frequently to detect any minor changes in the
ink or parchment. These periodic measurements enable
curators to detect if any deterioration has taken place
that is invisible to the human eye.
Voting in New Jersey under that states constitution, any

person who met certain property qualifications could
vote. Many women used that provision to vote until the
state legislature took away that right in 1807.
Signing the Constitution

Philadelphia
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.
The oldest person to sign the Constitution was Benjamin

Franklin (81). The youngest person was Jonathan Dayton
(26).
Philadelphia took great efforts to give the delegates a

quiet atmosphere during the convention. The city went so
far as to cover the paved road around the hall with dirt to
reduce noise.
Presidential Term
The Constitution
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.
One of the delegates at the Constitutional Convention

suggested that a presidential term last 15 years. In 1945
President Franklin D. Roosevelt came the closest to
fulfilling this idea. Roosevelt took office in 1933 and died
in office 12 years later.
The Constitution is stored at the National Archives

Building in Washington, D.C. During the daytime, pages
one and four of the document are displayed in a bulletproof case. At night the pages are lowered into a vault
behind five-ton doors that can withstand a nuclear
explosion. The entire Constitution is displayed for only
one day a year, September 17, which is the anniversary of
its signing.
The Bald Eagle The bald eagle became Americas

national symbol in 1872. Benjamin Franklin suggested
the turkey as the national bird. The American bald
eagle, Franklin claimed, was a bird of bad moral
characterand often [full of lice]. Franklin stated,
The turkey isa much more respectable bird, withal a
true original native of America.
Senatorial Terms The people now elect senators, but

unlike the president, senators have no limit on the number
of terms they can serve. In recent years citizens have
debated setting term limits for senators. Some people feel
that having a limited term of activity would encourage
senators to work harder for the people they represent.
Land Speculator The Latin specula, which means

watchtower, is part of the etymology of speculator. It
could be said that a speculators attempts to second-guess
the future are like trying to see far away from the top of a
watchtower.
Making Comparisons
Why Learn This Skill?
Suppose you want to buy a portable compact disc (CD)
player, and you must choose among three models. You
would probably compare characteristics of the three
models, such as price, sound quality, and size, to figure
out which model is best for you. When you study
American history, you often compare people or events
from one time period with those from a different time
period.
This feature can be found on page 206 of your textbook.
Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.
Making Comparisons
Learning the Skill
When making comparisons, you examine two or more groups,
situations, events, or documents. Then you identify similarities and
differences. For example, the chart on this page compares two
documents, specifically the powers each gave the federal
government. The Articles of Confederation were implemented
before the United States Constitution, which replaced the Articles.
Making Comparisons
Learning the Skill
When making comparisons, you first decide what items will be
compared and determine which characteristics you will use to
compare them. Then you identify similarities and differences in
these characteristics.
Making Comparisons
Practicing the Skill
Analyze the information on the
chart on the right. Then answer the
following questions.
Making Comparisons
1. What items are being compared?
The powers of the federal government as identified in the
Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution
are being compared.
2. Which document allowed the government to organize state
militias?
The United States Constitution allowed for the organization
of militias.
This feature can be found on page 206 of your textbook. Click the
mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.
Making Comparisons
3. Which document allowed the government to coin money?
Regulate trade?
Both documents allowed the government to coin money. The
United States Constitution regulated trade.
4. In what ways are the two documents different?
The Constitution specifies powers that are not named in the
Articles.
mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.
Making Comparisons
5. In what ways are the two documents similar?
Both documents give the federal government the power to
declare war and make peace, coin money, manage foreign
affairs, and establish a postal system.
mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
The Power of the

Constitution
Objectives
After viewing The Power of the Constitution, you should:
Understand that Benjamin Franklin had reservations about the
Constitution.
Recognize that peoples biases
and opinions can affect their
decisions.
Recognize that creating and
signing the Constitution, despite
its perceived flaws, was a critical
step in the birth of this new country.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click in the window
above to view a preview of The American Republic to 1877 video.
The Power of the

Constitution
Discussion Question
What problems did Franklin see with gathering a group
of men together in order to achieve the object of
having joint wisdom?
Men bring with them their prejudices, passions,
errors in judgment, and self-interests.

The Power of the

Constitution
Discussion Question
Did Franklin consider the Constitution to be a
perfect document?
No, but he thought it was as good as it could be
under the circumstances.




End of Custom Shows

WARNING! Do Not Remove
This slide is intentionally blank and is set to auto-advance to end custom shows and
return to the main presentation.

TAR1 Chapter 07d

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Deskripsi Asli:

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

TAR1 Chapter 07d

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Presentation Plus!

The American Republic To 1877

The Articles of Confederation

Convention and Compromise

A New Plan of Government

Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.

Click the Speaker button

Click the mouse button or press the

Click the mouse button or press the

Click the mouse button or press the

The Impact Today

Click the mouse button or press the

Guide to Reading (cont.)

Click the mouse button or press the

Guide to Reading (cont.)

Click the Speaker button

Thirteen Independent States

Thirteen Independent States (cont.)

Thirteen Independent States (cont.)

Thirteen Independent States (cont.)

Thirteen Independent States (cont.)

Why do you think Britain thought that the new

Forming a Republic (cont.)

Forming a Republic (cont.)

conduct foreign affairs

Forming a Republic (cont.)

Congress needed to ask state legislatures to

Forming a Republic (cont.)

Forming a Republic (cont.)

Forming a Republic (cont.)

Why did the Confederation Congress have

New Land Policies

New Land Policies (cont.)

New Land Policies (cont.)

New Land Policies (cont.)

New Land Policies (cont.)

How did the Ordinances of 1784 and 1785 and the

Trouble on Two Fronts

Trouble on Two Fronts (cont.)

Trouble on Two Fronts (cont.)

Robert Morris, a Philadelphia merchant,

Trouble on Two Fronts (cont.)

Trouble on Two Fronts (cont.)

Trouble on Two Fronts (cont.)

Trouble on Two Fronts (cont.)

Trouble on Two Fronts (cont.)

What do you think George Washington meant

Checking for Understanding

Click the mouse button or press the

Checking for Understanding

Currency had depreciated; the government could

Click the mouse button or press the

British rule made them cautious about giving too

Click the mouse button or press the

Native Americans were forced to fight or give up

Click the mouse button or press the

Click the mouse button or press the

Citizenship Imagine you are an American citizen in

Click the mouse button or press the

Guide to Reading (cont.)

Guide to Reading (cont.)

Click the Speaker button