TAR1 Chapter 19d

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The American Republic to 1877

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Chapter Introduction
Section 1
Depression and a Second

World War
Section 2
Turning Points
Section 3
Modern America
Section 4
The War on Terrorism
Chapter Summary
Chapter Assessment
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Chapter Objectives
Section 1: Depression and a Second World
War
Explain how President Roosevelt responded to the
Great Depression.
Understand the actions that led to the outbreak of
World War II.
Click the mouse button or press the

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Chapter Objectives
Section 2: Turning Points
Examine the ways the United States attempted to stop
the spread of communism.
Review the actions African Americans took to
secure their rights.

Chapter Objectives
Section 3: Modern America
Analyze the ways in which the Watergate scandal
affected the nation.
Summarize how the Cold War ended.

Chapter Objectives
Section 4: The War on Terrorism
Describe how Americans responded to terrorism.
Discuss the actions the government took to

fight terrorism.

Why It Matters
During the twentieth century, Americans
suffered through wars and economic and
political unrest. The end of the Cold War
brought about communisms fall in many parts
of the world and the triumph of democracy. A
new world was at handor so it seemed. Longhidden national and ethnic rivalries flared into
violence in various parts of the world. The
threats to peace included acts of terrorism.
The Impact Today

In the twenty-first century, the world faces
great challenges. Acts of terrorism present a
threat to freedom and security. Although most
nations condemn such acts, terrorism is likely
to remain a global concern.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
The United States maintained its free enterprise system
during the Great Depression and won victory in a
global conflict at great cost.
Key Terms
dictator
genocide
Holocaust
island hopping

Guide to Reading (cont.)

Reading Strategy
Organizing Information Re-create the diagram on
page 556 of your textbook to identify three causes of
World War II.
Read to Learn
how President Roosevelt responded to the Great
Depression.
what actions led to the outbreak of World War II.


Section Theme
Global Connections The United States joined with
allied nations to fight a world war to protect rights and
freedoms.
Unemployed man seeking work

The Great Depression

The New York stock market collapsed
in October 1929.
When stock prices dropped, people panicked
and sold stocks.
Many people lost their savings and jobs and
could not repay their loans.
This weakened banks, and thousands of banks
closed between 1930 and 1933.
Depositors lost their money.
(pages 556558)
The Great Depression (cont.)

There had been warning signs of the crumbling
economy in the 1920s:
- Farm income declined.
- Industries declined, including textiles, lumber,
mining, railroad, automobile, and construction.
- Wages were cut and workers were laid off.
- Fewer consumer goods were sold.
(pages 556558)

Banks did not have funds for loans needed by
foreign countries during the late 1920s, so
foreign economies were weakened.
International trade decreased.
Unemployment was high. Twenty-five percent
of American workers lost their jobs in 1932.
People were poor and hungry.
Soup kitchens had long lines, and there were
many homeless people.
Many people blamed President Hoover.
(pages 556558)

Franklin Delano Roosevelt was elected
president in 1932.
He promised Americans a new deal.
His proposals to fight the Depression became
known as the New Deal.
- The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) created
about 3 million jobs planting trees and building
levees to prevent floods.
- The Public Works Administration (PWA) provided
jobs building roads, hospitals, and schools.
(pages 556558)

- The Agricultural Adjustment Administration
(AAA) raised farm prices and controlled
production.
- The Social Security Act created a tax paid by
employers and workers.
- The money collected was used to pay pensions to
retired people.
- Unemployment insurance was funded by another
tax.
- People who lost their jobs received payments.
- Another recession hit in 1937.
- Congress and many Americans blamed the New
Deal.
(pages 556558)

- The New Deal increased the power of the president,
the size of the federal government, and the belief in
government responsibility for the welfare of
citizens.
- Roosevelt served four terms as president.
(pages 556558)
What was the Great Depression?

The Great Depression was a period when
businesses declined severely, prices dropped,
and many people lost their jobs.
(pages 556558)
Space Bar to display the answer.
World War II
Dictators seized control of their nations
by force after World War I and during the
Depression.
Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist Workers
Party (Nazi Party) controlled Germany.
Benito Mussolini controlled Italy.
Military leaders controlled Japan.
Germany, Italy, and Japan signed a pact and
became allies called the Axis Powers in 1940.
World War II began.
(pages 558563)
World War II (cont.)

- Germany invaded Poland in September 1939.
- The Germans took control of Poland.
- Britain and France declared war on Germany.
- Germany invaded France in the spring of 1940 and
France surrendered.
- In June 1941, Germany launched an attack on the
Soviet Union.
(pages 558563)

The United States remained neutral, but
supplied weapons to Britain and the Soviet
Union under the terms of the Lend-Lease Act.
- Japanese troops seized Indochina, a French colony.
- This threatened nearby British colonies.

- The United States applied economic pressure to stop
Japan.
- The Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor in Hawaii.
(pages 558563)

- Congress declared war on Japan in response to the
Pearl Harbor attack.
- Germany and Italy then declared war on the United
States.
- The Allied Powers (the United States, Great Britain,
France, and the Soviet Union) fought the Axis
Powers.
(pages 558563)

The war changed American life at home.
Those who did not go to war had to do all the
work.
- Industry expanded, wages increased, and
unemployment fell.
- Women served in the military and in the workforce.
- African Americans served in the military and in the

workforce.
- Most minorities made gains, but Japanese Americans
were discriminated against.
- West Coast Asian Americans were forced to relocate
to internment camps.
(pages 558563)

The Axis Powers were winning until late 1942.
British and United States troops drove

Germans out of North Africa.
The Axis powers were defeated again in
Eastern Europe in early 1943.
Soviet troops freed Leningrad, a Russian city.
The German Army surrendered at Stalingrad.
(pages 558563)

The Allies broke through German lines at
Anzio, Italy, after four months and freed Rome
in June 1944.
The Allies launched an air war against
Germany.
Cities were destroyed and civilians were
killed.
Germany kept fighting.
(pages 558563)

General Eisenhower, commander of the Allied
forces, directed an invasion of France from the
West.
The Soviets pushed toward Germany from the
East.
Fierce fighting took place on the beaches of
Normandy when thousands of Allied troops
came ashore on June 6, 1944D-Day.
The Allies moved on from Normandy and, with
the French, freed Paris at the end of August.
(pages 558563)

The Soviets pushed Germany out of Eastern
Europe.
The British and Americans defeated Germany
in the Battle of the Bulge, and serious German
resistance ended.
In 1945 Soviet troops reached Berlin.
British and United States forces moved across
western Germany.
Hitler committed suicide and Germany
surrendered.
(pages 558563)

The Allies liberated Germany and parts
of Europe.
They found evidence of the murder of millions
of Jews by the Nazis
in death camps.
The genocide became known as the
Holocaust.
(pages 558563)

Japanese forces had a series of victories in the
Pacific.
Then the Allies began to make progress.
- Japanese troops landed in the Philippines.
- Filipino and American troops commanded by
Douglas MacArthur fought the Japanese on the
Bataan Peninsula west of Manila.
- Allied forces surrendered and were forced to march
more than 60 miles to a prison camp.
- Many sick and starving prisoners died.
(pages 558563)

- In May 1942, Japanese and United States ships
fought the Battle of the Coral Sea northeast of
Australia.
- The Americans destroyed much of the Japanese fleet
and prevented Japan from reaching Australia.
- In June the United States Navy destroyed hundreds
of Japanese aircraft and four aircraft carriers in the
Battle of Midway, northwest of Hawaii.
(pages 558563)

- The United States adopted a strategy called island
hopping.
- It seized control of an island and used it as
a base to attack the next island.
- Americans used air and naval power to win control
of Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands after fierce
fighting.
- American forces took control of Guam and launched
bombing strikes on Japan in June 1944.
- American ships destroyed most of the Japanese fleet
at the Battle of Leyte Gulf
in the Philippines in October.
(pages 558563)

- American forces seized the island of Iwo Jima in
March 1945 and the island of Okinawa in June.
- President Truman called for Japans surrender. When
it refused, Truman ordered the use of the atomic
bomb.
- The bombs were created in secrecy at the suggestion
of Albert Einstein.
- In August 1945, the first atomic bomb dropped
destroyed the city of Hiroshima.
- The second destroyed the city of Nagasaki.
- Japan surrendered on August 15V-J Day (Victory
over Japan), ending World War II.
(pages 558563)

People from all over the world searched for
ways to preserve peace and prevent another
costly, destructive war like World War II.
Approximately 50 million soldiers and
civilians died.
Billions of dollars worth of property was
destroyed.
It took years for some countries to recover
from the war.
(pages 558563)
What events caused the outbreak of World War

II?
Several dictators seized control of their
countries by force. Germany, Italy, and Japan,
led by dictators, formed an alliance. Germany
invaded Poland. Britain and France declared
war on Germany. The United States became
involved after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor.
(pages 558563)
Checking for Understanding

Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the
left.
__
B 1. the deliberate destruction of a
racial, political, or cultural
group
__
C 2. the name given to the mass
slaughter of Jews and other
groups by the Nazis during
World War II
__
A 3. a leader who rules with total
authority, often in a cruel or
brutal manner

Space Bar to display the answers.
A. dictator
B. genocide
C. Holocaust

Reviewing Facts Who was president of the
United States when World War II began? Who
was president when it ended?
Franklin Roosevelt was president at the

beginning of World War II and Harry Truman
was president when World War II ended.

Reviewing Themes
Global Connections What did the Lend-Lease
Act, supported by Roosevelt, provide?
It allowed the U.S. to sell, lease, or lend weapons

to nations whose security was
vital to Americas defense.

Critical Thinking
Determining Cause and Effect How
did the role of government in American
democracy change as a result of the Depression
and the New Deal?
There was more government intervention
including work relief and assistance programs,
social security benefits, and regulation of
banking and businesses.

Analyzing Visuals
Geography Skills Examine the maps on page
560 and 562 of your textbook. What are the topics
of the maps? Did Japanese control in 1942
include the Philippine Islands? The Hawaiian
Islands? Was Finland under Axis control at one
time or another? Was France? How can you tell?
The map topics are World War II in Europe and
Africa, and World War II in the Pacific. Japanese
control in 1942 included the Philippine Islands,
but not the Hawaiian Islands. By looking at the
key which shows the greatest extent of Axis
control, you see that Finland and France were
under Axis control at one time.
Language Arts Write newspaper headlines about

three important events covered in Section 1.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
During the second half of the twentieth century,
Americans struggled with communism abroad and
civil rights at home.
Key Terms
stalemate
affluence
segregation

civil disobedience
feminist

Reading Strategy
Sequencing Information Create a time line like the one
on page 564 of your textbook and identify key events in
the postwar world.
Read to Learn
how the United States attempted to stop the spread
of communism.
what actions African Americans took to secure their
rights.


Section Theme
Civic Rights and Responsibilities American
minorities and women intensified their efforts to secure
their full rights as citizens.
Big Three at Yalta

The Cold War Era

The Truman Policy of 1947 illustrated
President Trumans commitment to help
countries fight communism.
A cold war began between the United States and
the Soviet Union.
Stalin prohibited free elections in Eastern
Europe and set up Communist governments.
West Germany was created by uniting the zones
controlled by the United States, Great Britain,
and France.
The Soviets sealed off Berlin.
(pages 564566)
The Cold War Era (cont.)

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO) was formed by the United States,
Canada, and the countries of Western Europe in
1949.
They agreed to defend one another from
attack.
(pages 564566)

The Korean War between North and South
Korea began in 1950.
China helped the Communists of North Korea.
American and United Nations forces defended

South Korea.
The war ended in July 1953 with Korea still
divided.
(pages 564566)

Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected president in
1952.
He believed that the government should
protect the basic welfare of all citizens.
He provided more money for public housing
and expanded Social Security.
(pages 564566)

The Federal Highway Act of 1956 authorized
the building of a network of highways.
The roads were needed for military forces in
case of attack.
The highway system united the regions of the
nation.
(pages 564566)

The American economy and the birthrate grew
quickly after World War II.
The rapid increase in the number of babies
born was called a baby boom.
Americans became more affluent and built
homes in the suburbs.
(pages 564566)
Why was there a cold war between the United

States and the Soviet Union?
Stalin prohibited free elections in Eastern
Europe. The Soviets set up Communist
governments. The United States was committed
to fighting the spread of communism.
(pages 564566)
The Civil Rights Era

The modern civil rights movement began in the
1950s.
- The case of Brown v. Board of Education was
brought to the Supreme Court by Thurgood
Marshall.
- The Court ruled that segregation was
unconstitutional.
- In 1955 African American Rosa Parks refused to
give up her seat to whites on a bus in Montgomery,
Alabama.
- Her arrest led to a bus boycott.
- In 1956 the courts ruled that all segregation laws
(pages 566568)
were unconstitutional.
The Civil Rights Era (cont.)

- Martin Luther King, Jr., one of the leaders of the
civil rights movement, encouraged civil
disobedience and nonviolent protests.
(pages 566568)

John F. Kennedy, a Democrat, defeated Richard
Nixon in the election of 1960.
He was assassinated in Dallas, Texas,
on November 22, 1963.
Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson became
president.
- Congress refused to pass Kennedys proposals for
improving education and helping poor people get
jobs.
- Johnsons programs, called the Great Society
included Medicare and Medicaid.
- They helped pay for medical care and hospital bills
(pages 566568)
for senior citizens and poor people.

The civil rights movement continued to grow
during Kennedys and Johnsons
administrations.
- The sit-in movement began when four African
American students refused to leave a lunch counter
in Greensboro, North Carolina, in February 1960.
- Martin Luther King, Jr., led a march in Birmingham,
Alabama, in 1963.
- Marchers were attacked by police.
- Kennedy sent a civil rights bill to Congress
outlawing segregation.
(pages 566568)

- Many civil rights organizations organized a march
to support Kennedys proposal.
- King made a speech about his dream that one day the
nation will live up to the words, all men are created
equal.
- Kennedys civil rights bill did not pass.
- The Civil Rights Act of 1964, supported by President
Johnson, was passed by Congress.
- It banned segregation and outlawed discrimination in
hiring.
- Marchers demanding the right to vote were attacked
by police in Selma, Alabama, in 1965.
- Johnson proposed the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
(pages 566568)

Changes in civil rights were made slowly.
- Malcolm X, a leader in the Nation of Islam (Black
Muslims), supported separation of blacks and
whites.
- He later changed his mind and called for an honest
white-black brotherhood.
- There were many violent riots in cities during the
mid-1960s.
- Cities were burned, property was destroyed, and
people died.
- Martin Luther King, Jr., was assassinated in April
1968.
- His assassination led to riots in more than
(pages 566568)
100 cities.

Women, Hispanics, and Native Americans
joined the struggle for equal rights.
- The National Organization for Women (NOW) was
created by feminists in 1966.
- Members campaigned for the Equal Rights
Amendment (ERA) to the Constitution.
- It did not pass.
- Congress outlawed discrimination in the workplace
in 1972.
(pages 566568)

- The growing Hispanic population wanted equal
rights.
- Migrant workers, led by Csar Chvez, formed the
United Farm Workers (UFW) union.
- Other groups formed to end discrimination through
the political process and by electing Hispanics to
government positions.
- Groups included La Raza Unida and the League of
United Latin American Citizens.
- Hispanics won the right to serve on juries and send
their children to integrated schools.
(pages 566568)

Native Americans demanded political power in
the 1960s.
- The Indian Civil Rights Act was passed in 1966.
- It protected the constitutional rights of Native
Americans.
- It also allowed Native Americans to make laws on
their reservations.
(pages 566568)

- Members of the American Indian Movement (AIM)
seized control of Wounded Knee, South Dakota, the
place where federal troops massacred the Sioux in
1890.
- It was part of a Sioux reservation where people lived
in desperate poverty.
- The siege focused attention on the plight of Native
Americans.
(pages 566568)

People with disabilities worked to be treated
equally in the 1960s and 1970s.
A number of laws were passed.
They improved access to public facilities,
created job opportunities, and provided equal
educational opportunities.
(pages 566568)
Why do you think so many groups of

Americans were denied their civil rights and
had to work so hard to achieve them?
Possible answer: Some Americans felt they
were superior to or better than minority groups.
They felt threatened by minority groups.
(pages 566568)
The Vietnam Era

President Kennedy continued to fight
communism.
- Fidel Castro, a Cuban dictator who came to power in
1959, formed an alliance with the Soviet Union.
- Fifteen hundred Cuban immigrants trained by the
Central Intelligence Agency were sent to Cuba to
overthrow the government.
- This mission, called the Bay of Pigs, failed.
(pages 568570)
The Vietnam Era (cont.)

- Soviet Leader Nikita Khrushchev built the Berlin
Wall to divide East and West Berlin.
- He did this because Kennedy refused his orders to
get the West out of Berlin.
- Kennedy blockaded Cuba in October 1962, after the
Soviets refused to remove their nuclear missiles
from Cuba.
- The world waited to see if a nuclear war would
break out.
- Soviet ships headed for the American blockade
turned back.
- The Soviets agreed to remove their missiles during
negotiations.
(pages 568570)

In the late 1950s, the United States sent
supplies and advisers to help South Vietnam
fight Communist Vietcong forces in South
Vietnam.
North Vietnam supplied the Vietcong with
supplies and weapons.
The Vietcong grew stronger.
(pages 568570)

North Vietnam allegedly attacked United States
ships in the Gulf of Tonkin in August 1964.
Congress approved the use of force to defend
America from attacks.
United States troops defended their bases and
then tried to find and destroy the Vietcong.
(pages 568570)

In 1965 Johnson ordered bombing of North
Vietnam and then sent combat troops.
Johnson sent more troops, and Congress
approved a land war.
The war grew.
(pages 568570)

Many Americans opposed the war and the
draft.
Johnson was criticized. He did not run for
reelection.
Republican Richard Nixon, former vice
president under Eisenhower, defeated Hubert
Humphrey in the 1968 election by a small
margin.
(pages 568570)

- Nixon promised to restore order and achieve peace
with honor in Vietnam.
- His policy of Vietnamization called for training
and equipping South Vietnamese forces.
- Then United States forces would be pulled out of
Vietnam.
- Nixon secretly ordered the bombing of Cambodia.
- The Vietcong and the North Vietnamese used
Cambodia as a base to attack South Vietnam.
(pages 568570)

- Nixon announced the invasion of Cambodia in the
spring of 1970.
- Demonstrations and violence on college campuses
resulted. Some students were killed.
(pages 568570)

A peace agreement was reached between North
and South Vietnam in 1973.
American troops pulled out of Vietnam.
North Vietnam invaded South Vietnam again in
1975. South Vietnam was defeated.
Vietnam became one united Communist
country.
More than 1 million soldiers and civilians were
killed in the war.
Many United States soldiers had the status of
Missing in Action (MIA).
(pages 568570)
Why do you think so many Americans

opposed the Vietnam War?
Possible answer: The military went beyond
what they were authorized to do when they first
went after the Vietcong and later bombed
Cambodia.
(pages 568570)

left.
__
D 1. refusal to obey
laws that are considered
unjust as a nonviolent way
to press for changes
A. stalemate
__
B 2. the state of having much
wealth
D. civil
disobedience
__
E 3. a person who advocates
or is active in promoting
womens rights
E. feminist
__
C 4. the separation or isolation
of a race, class, or group

B. affluence
C. segregation

left.
__
A 5. a situation during a conflict
when action stops because
both sides are equally
powerful and neither will give
in
A. stalemate
B. affluence
C. segregation
D. civil
disobedience
E. feminist


Reviewing Facts What role did Rosa Parks play
in the struggle for civil rights?
Her refusal to give up her bus seat started the

Montgomery bus boycott. In 1956 the Supreme
Court ruled that all segregated buses were
unconstitutional.

Reviewing Themes
Civic Rights and Responsibilities Describe the
various actions taken by African Americans to
secure civil rights
at this time.
African Americans participated in boycotts and
marches.

Critical Thinking
Drawing Inferences Do you think President
Nixon succeeded in attaining peace with
honor? Explain.
Analyzing Visuals
Geography Skills Study the map of the Vietnam
War on page 569 of your textbook. Where did
most of the United States bases lie? Why do you
think those sites were chosen?
Most of the U.S. bases were along the coast of

South Vietnam. These sites provided easier
access for transporting troops and supplies.

Citizenship Create a time line of the civil rights

movement. Research and clip pictures from
magazines and newspapers of historic and presentday civil rights events and issues. Add captions.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
The end of the Cold War brought new challenges to the
United Statesboth at home and abroad.
Key Terms
embargo
human rights
federal debt
perjury

Internet
ozone
global warming
terrorism

Reading Strategy
Organizing Information Re-create the chart on page
572 of your textbook. For each event, identify the
president who was involved. Then summarize the
significance of each event.
Read to Learn
how the Watergate scandal affected the nation.
how the Cold War was ended.


Section Theme
Government and Democracy Presidential scandals
tested the American political system, but the
constitutional system of checks and balances provided
safeguards against the abuse of power.
Nixon button

Crisis of Confidence
Richard Nixon took office in 1969.
He hoped to help build a more stable world.
- President Nixon reopened United States relations
with China.
- Trade with China reopened in 1971, and President
Nixon visited China in 1972.
- United States relations with the Soviets also
improved.
- The United States and the Soviets agreed to
an arms control treaty, limiting the number of
nuclear missiles each could have.
(pages 572574)

Crisis of Confidence (cont.)

- During the 1970s, the United States supported
Israel, which upset many Arab nations.
- These nations staged an oil embargo, banning oil
shipments to the United States.
- Secretary of State Henry Kissinger negotiated an
agreement between Israeli and Arab leaders.
- The agreement ended the oil crisis.
- President Nixon gave federal taxes back to the states.
- He created the Environmental Protection Agency

(EPA).
(pages 572574)

President Nixon was reelected in 1972.
But during the election campaign, President
Nixons staff had spies break into the
Democratic Party offices in the Watergate
apartment complex in Washington.
When this break-in became public, President
Nixon denied his staffs involvement and also
denied ordering
a cover-up.
(pages 572574)

- The House of Representatives began impeachment
proceedings against President Nixon.
- They formally accused the president of abusing his
power.
- President Nixon resigned from office in August
1974.
- Vice President Gerald Ford then became president.
- He lost the 1976 election to Democratic candidate
Jimmy Carter.
(pages 572574)

President Carter tried to fix the economy, deal
with foreign policy issues, and fight for human
rights around the world.
- President Carter arranged negotiations that led to the
first peace treaty between Israel and an Arab nation.
- President Carter withdrew economic and military aid

from nations that violated human rights, such as
Argentina, South Africa, and Iran.
- Iranian students responded by taking over the
American embassy in Tehran and holding 52
Americans hostage.
(pages 572574)

- President Carter lost the 1980 election to Ronald
Reagan.
- Iran released the hostages.
(pages 572574)
Why do you think the oil embargo caused an oil

crisis and economic problems in the United
States?
Possible answer: The United States relies on oil
from the Middle East to make gasoline and
other products necessary for industry. Oil is
used to produce some forms of energy.
(pages 572574)
New Challenges
President Reagan reduced the role of the
government.
- President Reagan cut taxes, eliminated many
regulations, and cut federal programs.
- The economy began to grow after a brief recession
in 1982.
- The stock market climbed rapidly.
- President Reagan increased military spending to
build up United States forces.
(pages 574577)
New Challenges (cont.)

- The federal debt increased because President
Reagan needed to borrow money to cover the
difference between the amount of money the
government received and the money it spent.
- President Reagan was reelected in 1984.
- Mikhail Gorbachev became the leader of the Soviet
Union.
- Its economy was ready to collapse, and so the
Soviets could not afford to keep up with the United
States on military spending.
- Gorbachev decided to reform the communist system.
(pages 574577)

George Bush, Reagans vice president, defeated
Michael Dukakis in the 1988 election.
- President Bush continued negotiations with
the Soviet Union.
- Demonstrators demanded more democracy
in Eastern Europe in 1989.
- Most of the communist governments collapsed.
- The Berlin Wall was torn down.
- East Germany and West Germany were reunited.
(pages 574577)

- The Communist Party was outlawed in the Soviet
Union by the end of 1991.
- The Soviet Union was divided into 15 separate
republics.
- In 1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait. European and Arab
nations joined the United States to free Kuwait.
- The attack on Iraq that freed Kuwait was called
Operation Desert Storm.
- Much of Iraqs army was destroyed.
(pages 574577)

Democratic presidential candidate Bill Clinton,
governor of Arkansas, defeated Bush in the
1992 election.
A third-party candidate, billionaire Ross Perot,
split the vote three ways.
- President Clinton cut government spending to reduce
the deficit.
- Congress passed the Family Medical Leave Act with
President Clintons persuasion.
- After the midterm elections, Congress was
controlled by Republicans. Democratic President
Clinton vetoed many of Congresss proposals.
(pages 574577)

- President Clinton was reelected in 1996.
- Congress and the president began to work
together.
- President Clinton focused on education and health
care during his second term.
- He also balanced the budget and ran a surplus.
- President Clinton helped negotiate an agreement
between Israel and Palestine in 1993.
- Palestine was allowed its own government in
Israeli territory.
(pages 574577)

- Evidence suggested that President Clinton may have
lied under oath, or committed perjury and obstructed
justice, to hide a personal relationship with a White
House intern.
- The House of Representatives voted to impeach him.
- He was tried and acquitted by the Senate.
(pages 574577)

Democratic candidate Al Gore, the vice
president, and Republican candidate George W.
Bush, governor of Texas and son of former
President Bush, faced each other in the 2000
election.
The vote was extremely close.
Both candidates needed the electoral votes
from Florida to win the election.
The results in Florida were disputed.
No one knew immediately who won the
election.
(pages 574577)

A ballot recount was approved.
George W. Bush and Al Gore filed lawsuits
regarding the process.
The final decision was made by the United
States Supreme Court.
It was decided that George W. Bush won the
election.
(pages 574577)

President Bush named his cabinet members.
His wife, First Lady Laura Bush, promoted
reading programs and education.
- Retired Army General Colin Powell was appointed
secretary of state.
- Donald Rumsfeld was appointed secretary of
defense.
- Gale Norton became Secretary of Interior.
- Christine Todd Whitman was named as the head of
the Environmental Protection Agency.
(pages 574577)

- Elaine Chao, the first Asian American female
appointed to a cabinet post, became secretary of
labor.
- Condoleezza Rice became the first African American
female national security adviser.
- President Bushs proposed tax cut was the largest
since 1981.
- Congressional supporters of the tax cut believed that
the money belonged to the people.
- Opponents believed that the money should be spent
on Social Security or for paying off the national
debt.
(pages 574577)

Secretary of State Colin Powells plan for
foreign policy was called the Powell Doctrine.
The Powell Doctrine states that troops will

only be used to protect a vital interest.
Furthermore, there must be a clear and
realistic goal.
(pages 574577)
How do you think the end of the Cold War

affected foreign affairs?
The United States and the Soviet Union agreed
to limit nuclear weapons. The arms race
slowed. The Soviet Union was no longer the
threat it once was. Improved relations between
the United States and Soviet Union reduced the
fear of future military conflict.
(pages 574577)
Looking to the Future

Stimulating global economic growth through a
world trading system became
a main goal for President Bush.
He believed this would help every country's
economy and help encourage worldwide
freedom.
- The World Trade Organization (WTO) has
administered trade practices among many nations
since 1995.
(pages 577578)
Looking to the Future (cont.)

- Growth of technology industries increased
economic growth.
- The Internet, a worldwide linking of computer
networks, became a main method of communication.
(pages 577578)

The American population began to change as it
entered the twenty-first century.
- In 2000, more than 12 percent of the population was
over 65 years of age. As life expectancy rose, the
government faced the issue of Medicare reform. By
2002, the House and the Senate passed bills that
added a benefit for prescription drugs.
- The ethnic distribution of the United States also
changed. By 2002, more than 10 percent of the
population was foreign-born. Asian Americans
made up about 4 percent of the population and
Hispanic Americans about 12 percent.
(pages 577578)

Corporate scandals caught the attention of the
public and the government.
- At Enron, corporate leaders cost the company
billions of dollars, forcing it into bankruptcy.
- The government tightened accounting regulations
and toughened penalties for dishonest executives.
(pages 577578)

New environmental challenges faced the world.
- The earths atmosphere lost ozone, a gas that

protects life from cancer-causing sun rays.
- Scientists warned that a steady increase in average
world temperatures, called global warming, may
cause problems.
- This warming might change weather patterns, the
environment, and crop production.
(pages 577578)

Promoting peace continued to be a major
global issue.
The use of violence by groups against civilians
to try to achieve a political goal, or terrorism,
increased in the late 1900s and early 2000s.
Dangers included chemical and biological
weapons.
(pages 577578)

- The United States experienced domestic terrorism
in the form of the Oklahoma City bombing of a
federal building and mail bombings.
- Domestic terrorists attack people in their own
country.
- International terrorism struck the World Trade
Center in New York, the Pentagon, and a field in
Pennsylvania on September 11, 2001.
- International terrorists travel from other countries to
carry out their violent plans.
(pages 577578)
How might global warming affect world

trade?
Global warming might cause weather patterns
and crop production to change. This could
decrease the amount of food that countries
could trade with other countries.
(pages 577578)

left.
__
B 1. rights regarded as belonging to all A. embargo
persons, such as freedom from
B. human rights
unlawful imprisonment, torture, and
C. federal debt
execution
D. perjury
__
E 2. the use of violence by groups
against civilians to achieve a
E. terrorism
political goal
__
A 3. an order prohibiting trade with
another country
__
C 4. the amount of money owed by the
government
__
D 5. lying when one has sworn an oath
to tell the truth

Reviewing Facts When did Iranian students take
Americans hostage?
Iranian students took Americans hostage in

November 1979.

Reviewing Themes
Government and Democracy What is
impeachment? Was President Nixon impeached?
Was President Clinton?
Impeachment means to formally accuse.

President Nixon resigned before he could be
impeached. President Clinton was
impeached, but later the Senate held a trial
and acquitted him.

Critical Thinking
Drawing Conclusions Do you think
President Reagans actions proved he was
committed to reducing the role of
government in the lives of Americans?
Explain.
Reagan cut taxes, eliminated many regulations,
and cut back many government programs.

Analyzing Visuals
Picturing History Select one of the news
photographs that appears on pages 574575 of
your textbook. Write one paragraph about the
photo. Identify the people and describe what is
happening.
Geography Illustrate a world map showing the cities

and regions discussed in the section.
Guide to Reading
Main Idea
After suffering the worst terrorist attack in its
history, the United States launched an effort to fight
international terrorism.
Key Terms
counter-terrorism


Reading Strategy
Organizing Information As you read about Americas
war on terrorism, complete a diagram like the one on
page 579 of your textbook to explain how Americans
responded to the events of September 11, 2001.
Read to Learn
how Americans responded to terrorism.
what actions the government took to fight terrorism.


Section Theme
Global Connections The United States called for a
worldwide coalition to fight against terrorism.
Rescue workers carry out an injured man

at the World Trade Center.
The Terrorist Threat

Terrorism is a major concern for all countries
in the twenty-first century.
Terrorism is the use of violence by groups
against civilians to achieve a political goal.
Some recent attacks can be linked to
Afghanistan.
(pages 580581)
The Terrorist Threat (cont.)

- The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979.
- The Soviet Union supported the pro-Communist
government.
- Muslims from other Arab nations helped Afghanistan
fight the Communists.
- A Saudi Arabian Muslim named Osama bin Laden
used his familys wealth to help the Afghanistan
resistance.
(pages 580581)

- Bin Laden started a group called al-Qaeda in 1988.
- The groups name means the Base.

- The group recruited Muslims to fight the Soviets and
bought weapons for resistance fighters in
Afghanistan.
- The Afghan fighters also received technical
assistance and training from the United States,
Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and other countries.
(pages 580581)

- After Soviet troops pulled out of Afghanistan, bin
Laden became a hero to many Muslim
fundamentalists.
- Bin Laden first operated from Sudan and then from
Afghanistan.
- A militant Muslim fundamentalist group, called the
Taliban, began to control Afghanistan.
- Bin Laden led al-Qaeda to drive Americans and
other non-Muslims out of the Middle East.
- He believed that western ideas conflicted with those
of the Muslim culture.
(pages 580581)

- Truck bombs in Tanzania and Kenya were set off at
the American embassies, killing more than 200
people, including 12 Americans, and injuring about
4,500 others.
(pages 580581)

- Terrorists connected to bin Laden were arrested
trying to sneak explosives into the United States in
late 1999.
- They allegedly planned to bomb Seattle,
Washington.
- In 2000, terrorists connected to al-Qaeda crashed a
boat with explosives into a United States warship,
the USS Cole, while it was refueling in Yemen.
(pages 580581)
Why are Americans targeted by militant Muslim

fundamentalists?
They do not like Western influences changing
their traditional Islamic societies.
(pages 580581)
A New War Begins

Terrorists shocked the United States on
September 11, 2001.
(pages 581585)
A New War Begins (cont.)

- Many Americans joined together to help people
directly affected by the violence.
- For example, people donated blood; held candlelight
vigils and prayer services; raised money; and
collected food, blankets, and supplies for victims and
rescue workers.
- Firefighters and medical workers came from
all over the country to help.
- President George W. Bush cautioned Americans not
to direct their anger against Muslim Americans.
- He reminded them that Islam is a peaceful religion.
(pages 581585)

Biological and chemical terrorism was a
growing concern after the September 11
attacks.
- Letters containing deadly anthrax spores were
mailed to several political leaders and the news
media.
- Law enforcement investigated the mailings in an
effort to identify the person or people who were
responsible.
- No suspects have been identified.
- Officials do not think al-Qaeda sent the anthrax.
(pages 581585)

President Bush and his advisers started
planning a response.
- Armed forces were placed on high alert.
- The skies were patrolled by fighter planes to protect
cities.
- Airport security was increased.
- A huge investigation began.
- A new cabinet position was created. Homeland
Security, headed by Pennsylvania governor, Tom
Ridge, would coordinate efforts against terrorism,
called counter-terrorism activities.
(pages 581585)

- The new department would control the Coast Guard,
the Border Patrol, the Immigration and
Naturalization Service, the Customs Service, the
Federal Emergency Management Agency and many
other agencies.
(pages 581585)

In late 2001, Congress passed and the president
signed into law new measures to combat
terrorism.
- The USA Patriot Act of 2001 expanded the power of
federal agents to investigate suspected terrorists.
- Agents could tap telephones, track Internet usage,
and conduct searches of homes and offices without
prior notice to owners.
- To make sure civil liberties of law-abiding citizens
were not compromised, many of the Act's powers
will expire in late 2005, unless
an extension is needed.
(pages 581585)

The United States started building a coalition
of support with other countries.
- NATO members, including India, Pakistan, Turkey,
and Israel, agreed to support the United States in the
war against terrorism.
- Other world leaders expressed sympathy and outrage
over the attacks.
(pages 581585)

- Some leaders of Muslim nations, such as Saudi
Arabia and Egypt, offered less support because
they feared widespread protests from their people.
(pages 581585)

American troops, aircraft, and warships were
sent to the Middle East.
- The war against terrorism first focused on
Afghanistan, where bin Laden was believed to be
hiding.
- The Taliban controlled the Afghan government and
people.
- The United States joined the Taliban's opposition,
the Northern Alliance, to battle
the Taliban.
(pages 581585)

- President Bush demanded that the Taliban turn bin
Laden and his supporters over to the United States
to be tried.
- The president stated that the United States would
begin by defeating al-Qaeda and then continue until
every terrorist group was disbanded.
- President Bush also made it clear that any country
supporting or harboring terrorists would be
considered an enemy of the United States.
- He added that the war against terrorism would not
end quickly.
(pages 581585)
Why do you think the war against terrorism

might take a long time?
Terrorists are being protected by groups such as
the Taliban. Terrorists are hard to find because
they are so secretive. Terrorism is an
international problem. Terrorists live all over
the world, so a war won against one country
will not eliminate the problem.
(pages 581585)
Widening the War on Terror

In 2002, President Bush widened the war on
terror. The president was worried that Iraq and
other countries might be harboring weapons of
mass destruction that could kill tens of
thousands of people at once.
In October 2002, North Korea announced that
it had restarted production of nuclear weapons.
- The United States pressured North Korea to end its

weapons program, but North Korea insisted that it
would continue to build its nuclear power.
(pages 951)
Widening the War on Terror (cont.)

In the summer of 2002, Bush asked the UN to
pass a resolution demanding that Iraq give up
these weapons. The president made it clear
that the United States would act with or
without UN support.
- In mid-October, Congress voted to authorize the use
of force against Iraq.
- In November, weapons inspectors were admitted into
Iraq, with Iraqs permission.
- Questions arose, however, over whether Iraqi
officials were cooperating as they had promised.
(pages 951)

- Arguing that the Iraqis still held weapons of mass
destruction, President Bush called for the use of
force in Iraq. The American military, aided by
British troops, attacked.
- After six weeks, the Iraqi army fell into disarray and
President Bush declared the end of major combat on
May 1.
(pages 951)

Although the major combat had stopped, the
controversy and the fighting continued.
- Americans found no weapons of mass destruction,
and although many Iraqis welcomed the fall of
Saddam Husseins regime, others did not.
- Efforts to rebuild the war-torn country began, but the
path toward a free and stable Iraq appeared long and
difficult.
(pages 951)
What happened when weapons inspectors were

admitted into Iraq?
Questions arose over whether Iraqi officials
were cooperating with the inspectors. President
Bush accordingly asked the UN Security
Council to allow the use of force in Iraq.
(pages 581585)

Using Key Terms Fill in the blank with the appropriate term.
Counter-terrorism involves military or political

1. __________________
activities intended to combat terrorism.


Reviewing Facts What happened to the USS
Cole while it was refueling in Yemen?
Terrorists backed by al-Qaeda crashed a boat

loaded with explosives into the USS Cole.

Reviewing Themes
Global Connections Do you think the
dangers of terrorism require global
cooperation? Explain and support your point
of view with reasons.
Critical Thinking
Drawing Conclusions Why do you think
President Bush specifically chose to visit the
Islamic Center in Washington, D.C.?
Answers may vary.

Analyzing Visuals
Geography Skills Examine the map on
terrorism on page 581 of your textbook. How
many Americans were taken hostage in Iran?
What events on the map took place in the
1990s?
Fifty-three Americans were taken hostage in Iran.
Four bombings occurred in the 1990s.

Expository Writing How will world events affect

your future? Write an essay entitled The Worlds
Future and My Own identifying important issues and
explaining how events could affect your life.

left.
__
B 1. a situation during a conflict when A. Holocaust
action stops because both sides are B. stalemate
equally powerful and neither will
C. segregation
give in
D. civil
__
G 2. the use of violence by groups
disobedience
against civilians to achieve a
political goal
E. embargo
__
D 3. refusal to obey laws that are
F. federal debt
considered unjust as a nonviolent
G. terrorism
way to press for changes
H. counter__
H 4. military or political activities
terrorism
intended to combat terrorism

left.
__
A 5. the name given to the mass
slaughter of Jews and other
groups by the Nazis during
World War II
A. Holocaust
__
E 6. an order prohibiting trade with
another country
D. civil
disobedience
__
C 7. the separation or isolation of a
race, class, or group
E. embargo
__
F 8. the amount of money owed by
the government
G. terrorism
B. stalemate
C. segregation
F. federal debt
H. counterterrorism

Reviewing Key Facts

What was the purpose of the Social Security Act?
The purpose of the Social Security Act was to

provide security for retired people.

Reviewing Key Facts

Why did President Kennedy call for a blockade
of Cuba in 1962?
The blockade of Cuba in 1962 was to force the

removal of Soviet missiles from the island.

Reviewing Key Facts

Who won the presidential election of 1976?
Jimmy Carter won the 1976 presidential

election.

Reviewing Key Facts

What is significant about September 11, 2001?
Hijackers seized control of American airplanes

and deliberately crashed them into the World
Trade Center towers and the Pentagon. The war
on terrorism began.

Reviewing Key Facts

What is the Department of Homeland Security?
The Department of Homeland Security is a new

cabinet-level post to coordinate counterterrorism efforts.

Critical Thinking
Explaining What does the term Cold War
mean and how did it apply to the post World War
II era?
It describes the rivalry between the United

States and the Soviet Union. The Soviets tried
to expand; the United States tried to contain
expansion.

Critical Thinking
Analyze What are the two major challenges
Americans face today? Explain why you made
your choices.
Possible answers: Equal rights and terrorism are

two major challenges Americans face today.

Geography and History Activity

Study the map below. Then read the statements that follow.
Identify whether each statement is true or not true and explain your
answer.

A total of 438
electoral votes were
cast.
This statement is
not true.


Gore received more
popular votes than
Bush.
This statement is true.


Gore received strong
support from the
southeastern states.
This statement is not

true.

Standardized Test Practice

The cold war between the United States and the former Soviet
Union was a rivalry between what two forms of government?
A
communism and socialism
communism and dictatorships
communism and democracy
democracy and monarchy
Test-Taking Tip When you are studying for an exam,

use a dictionary to look up important terms. Communism,
dictatorship, socialism, democracy, and monarchy are words
describing different types of government. Which choices contain
words that describe the U.S. government?
In 1989 Virginia elected the nations first African

American governor since Reconstruction. Who
was he?
L. Douglas Wilder was the nations first African

American governor since Reconstruction.

Explore online information about the topics introduced

in this chapter.
Click on the Connect button to launch your
browser and go to The American Republic to
1877 Web site. At this site, you will find
interactive activities, current events information,
and Web sites correlated with the chapters and
units in the textbook. When you finish exploring,
exit the browser program to return to this
presentation. If you experience difficulty
connecting to the Web site, manually launch your
Web browser and go to
http://tarvol1.glencoe.com
Bulls and Bears

WASPs
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.
Bulls and Bears When the stock market rises, it is called

a bull market. If prices drop, it is called a bear market.
These terms may come from the way the two animals
attack. A bull throws its victims up in the air, and a bear
knocks it victims down.
WASPs Although women were not allowed to serve in

combat, they were pilots. Members of the Womens
Airforce Service Pilots (WASPs) flew warplanes to the
places where they were needed, freeing men for combat
duty. The obstacles women faced were enormous.
Resentful males often refused to fly with them, and in
one case a male pilot may have sabotaged a plane,
killing a female pilot. WASPs flew more than 60 million
miles in all types of planes, and 38 WASPs died while
on duty.
Saddam Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein liked to be called

by his first name. When pronounced correctly, with the
emphasis on the second syllable, Saddam means
leader, learned one, or he who confronts.
President Bush insisted on pronouncing the name with
the emphasis on the first syllable, however. When
spoken this way, Saddam means a boy who fixes or
cleans shoes, a grave insult in many Arab countries.
National Recovery Administration

Great Depression
Lend-Lease
One New Deal agency, the National Recovery

Administration, encouraged businesses to set a minimum
wage and abolish child labor. The owner of Philadelphias
professional football team showed his patriotic spirit in
1933 by naming his club the Eagles, after the symbol of
the National Recovery Administration.
The Great Depression put once affluent individuals in

unemployment lines alongside factory workers and
actors. Breadlines over a block long became a symbol of
the times. Many people placed newspapers under their
clothes to stay warm in the winter or stuffed cardboard
into their shoes to hide the holes.
After Germany turned its attention from Britain to an

invasion of the Soviet Union, Roosevelt extended aid to
the Russians under Lend-Lease. No terms were ever
established after World War II, however, for the return of
the billions of dollars worth of goods transferred to the
Soviet Union under Lend-Lease. But in 1993, Russia
agreed to pay the World War II Lend-Lease debt of the
former Soviet Union and started making payments in
1994.
Korean Conflict
Edward Teller
Denouncing Vietnam
Because Congress never declared war, the United States

involvement in the Korean struggle has never been
officially called a war, but rather a conflict.
Edward Teller, the chief developer of the hydrogen bomb,

advocated more testing of such weapons. He said, It
wont be until the bombs get so big that they can
annihilate everything that people will really become
terrified and begin to take a reasonable line in politics.
Some college students showed their unhappiness over the

Vietnam War by staging teach-ins, or all-night sessions in
which students, faculty, and guest speakers denounced the
war. Other students occupied college administration
buildings, held school officials captive, and then used the
media attention to state their cases.
Rescue Dogs
Counter Terrorism Allies
Volunteer Ironworkers
Rescue dogs, trained to search through disaster ruins, may

receive years of training prior to working on recovery
missions. The dogs must be trained to remain calm and
focused in the face of loud noises; to move in a specific
way when rubble shifts beneath them; and to negotiate
confined spaces.
Following the terrorist attacks on New York City and

Washington, D.C., Americas NATO allies promised to
join forces to help organize an international coalition to
counter terrorism. Support and pledges of cooperation
were also offered from Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, two
countries which recognized the Taliban government in
Afghanistan.
Many ironworkers from Local 40, whose members built

the World Trade Centers Twin Towers in the early 1970s,
returned to the site to volunteer their time. Working up to
12 hours at a time, the ironworkers cut steel with torches
and pulled away remnants and debris with cranes,
allowing rescue workers to search deeper into the rubble.
Before undergoing a cancer-related surgery during which

he would be under an anesthetic, President Ronald Reagan
transferred the powers of the presidential office to Vice
President George Bush. This marked the first transfer of
power of this kind. (Following the attempt made on
Reagans life on March 30, 1981, Bush assumed some
presidential responsibilities, but no formal transfer of
power was made.) On the morning of July 14, 1985,
George Bush became acting president. Later that same
day, following his surgery, Reagan again assumed the
powers of his office.
Professional Sports In 1947 Jackie Robinson became

the first African American to play major-league baseball.
Other professional sports integrated at different times.
Professional football, for example, had its first African
American player (Charles W. Follis) in 1904, and African
American prize fighters and jockeys had been successful
before that. It was not until 1950 that an African
American, Charles Chuck Cooper, was signed to play
on a National Basketball Association team.
Economics Because of a surplus of apples, the

International Shippers Association set up a system for
unemployed people to sell apples. A person could get
credit for $1.75 to buy 100 to 120 apples. The person
would then sell each apple for 5 cents, making a small
profit.
Civics Increased Native American activism led to

several important court decisions. In one, the Pueblo
people of Taos, New Mexico, regained Blue Lake, a
place sacred to their religious life. In 1975 a federal
court declared that the Passamaquoddy and Penobscot
nations had a valid claim to more than half the state of
Maine and to $25 billion in damages and unpaid rents.
Civics After Gerald Ford assumed the presidency, he

pardoned Richard Nixon. Immediately, the stock market
plunged and Fords popularity rating dropped from 71
percent to 50 percent.
Anthrax If swallowed, rubbed into scraped skin, or

inhaled as a fine, aerosolized mist, anthrax organisms
can cause infection in the gastrointestinal system, the
skin, or the lungs. Disease can be prevented after
exposure to the anthrax spores by early treatment with
the appropriate antibiotics. Anthrax is not contagious
and does not spread from person to person.
Civilian Conservation Corps

Jeannette Rankin
Charles Drew
Civilian Conservation Corps From its start in 1933

until World War II, about 3 million young men worked in
the CCC. It provided clothes, shelter, and employment. A
CCC worker made $30 a month, $25 of which was sent
back home to his family. Other workers became part of
the Tennessee Valley Authority, one of the nations largest
and cheapest suppliers of power. Through the work of the
TVA, electricity was brought to many rural areas.
Jeannette Rankin Jeannette Rankin, the first woman

elected to Congress, was the only member of the House to
cast a dissenting vote against American entry into both
World War I and World War II. A statue of Rankin now
stands in the Capitol in Washington, D.C., bearing the
motto: I cannot vote for war.
Charles Drew Charles Drew, an African American, was

the first medical director of the American Red Cross
Blood Bank. He received the NAACPs Spingarn Medal
for his research in both American and British blood
plasma projects. Through his research a dry plasma
method of storage was developed, allowing for extended
use of plasma on the battlefields of World War II and the
saving of many lives.
Earth Day
The Fall of the Berlin Wall
Madeleine Albright
Earth Day By the early 1970s, 70 percent of Americans

ranked the environment as the nations most pressing
domestic problem. This concern was apparent in
Americans support for the first Earth Day held on April
22,1970. An estimated 20 million Americans participated
in this ecological rally to improve the environment. More
than 14,000 schools, colleges, and community groups
held workshops and other events across the country.
The Fall of the Berlin Wall On November 9, 1989, after

more than 28 years, the Berlin Wall was torn down and ceased
to act as an impenetrable barrier between communist East
Germany and democratic West Germany. This event paved the
way for the reunification of Germany and the dismantling of
the Soviet Union, both of which occurred within the following
two years. Though George Bush was president at the time the
wall came down, Ronald Reagan is often credited with
shaping events that led to the fall of the wall, such as signing
the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty with Mikhail
Gorbachev in 1987.
Madeleine Albright President Clinton named Madeleine

K. Albright secretary of state. She was the first woman to
serve in that post and the highest-ranking woman ever to
serve in the federal government. Previously, Albright
served as United Nations ambassador for the United
States.
Fighting Terrorism
Homeland Security
Fighting Terrorism The Joint Terrorism Task Force

(JTTF) was established in 1979 to address the problems
concerning terrorist investigations. The JTTF is
comprised of members from numerous agencies,
including the FBI, the U.S. Marshals Service, the
Immigration and Naturalization Service, the New York
State Police, and the U.S. Secret Service. The integration
of the many agencies, each bringing its own unique skills
and investigative specialties to the task force, makes this
unit formidable in combating terrorism.
Homeland Security On September 20, 2001, President

Bush announced the creation of the Office of Homeland
Security. The new Cabinet-level post grew out of a
review begun in May by Vice President Cheney to
assess the federal governments ability to respond to an
attack
using a weapon of mass destruction. The review
concluded that there was a need for a comprehensive,
integrated federal response to be coordinated from the
highest level of government.
Problem Solving
Why Learn This Skill?
Imagine you got a poor grade on a math test. You
wonder why, since you always take notes and study for
the tests. To improve your grades, you need to identify
your specific problem and then take actions to solve it.
This feature can be found on page 571 of your textbook.

Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.
Problem Solving
Learning the Skill
There are six key steps you should follow that will help you
through the process of problem solving.
Identify the problem. In the example on the previous slide, you
know that you are not doing well on math tests.
Gather information. You know that you always take notes and
study. You work on math problems every day for an hour. You
also know that you sometimes forget details about math
formulas.
This feature can be found on page 571 of your textbook. Click the
mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Problem Solving
Learning the Skill
List and consider possible solutions. Instead of working on the
math problems by yourself, you might try working with a friend
or a group.
Consider the advantages and disadvantages of each solution.
Now that you have considered the possible options, you need to
choose the best solution to your problem then carry it out.
Problem Solving
Learning the Skill
Evaluate the effectiveness of the solution. This will help you
determine if you have solved the problem. If you earn better
grades on the next few math tests, you will know.
Problem Solving
Practicing the Skill
Reread the material in Section 2 about the Vietnam War. Use that
information and the steps in Learning the Skill to answer the
following questions.
1. What problems did the United States face in the Vietnam War?
North Vietnam increased its support of the Vietcong, and the
Vietcong and North Vietnamese were using sanctuaries in
Cambodia.
mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Problem Solving
2. What options were available to President Johnson? To
President Nixon? What were the advantages and
disadvantages?
Problem Solving
3. Explain the solution President Nixon implemented.
Nixon withdrew American troops but continued to provide
training and equipment to South Vietnam.
mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Problem Solving
4. Evaluate the effectiveness of Nixons solution. Was it
successful? How do you determine this?
America Responds
to Terrorism
Objectives
After viewing America Responds to Terrorism, you should:
Realize the impact of September 11, 2001, on both everyday people

and those in leadership
positions.
Value the role of firefighters, police
officers, and other city workers.
Appreciate the contributions and
sacrifices that people can make
in a crisis of enormous proportions.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Click in the
window above to view a preview of The American Republic to 1877 video.
America Responds
to Terrorism
Discussion Question
How did September 11 cause Americans to put other
concerns in a different perspective?
They put aside political differences to support the
president and the military and become more security
conscious.

America Responds
to Terrorism
Discussion Question
Why did Senator John McCain consider the passengers
of the hijacked flight that crashed in Pennsylvania to be
heroes?
In that flight, passengers overcame the hijackers,
preventing them from reaching Washington, D.C., and
their probable destination: the U.S. Capitol.


The oath requires that all

employees pledge
allegiance to the United
States Constitution and
the California
Constitution, and that they
pledge to fulfill their job
responsibilities.
The speaker is referring to

the American people.


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TAR1 Chapter 19d

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TAR1 Chapter 19d

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The American Republic to 1877

Depression and a Second

The War on Terrorism

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Discuss the actions the government took to

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The Impact Today

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Guide to Reading (cont.)

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Guide to Reading (cont.)

Unemployed man seeking work

The Great Depression

The Great Depression (cont.)

The Great Depression (cont.)

The Great Depression (cont.)

The Great Depression (cont.)

The Great Depression (cont.)

The Great Depression (cont.)

What was the Great Depression?

World War II (cont.)

World War II (cont.)

- Japanese troops seized Indochina, a French colony.

- This threatened nearby British colonies.

World War II (cont.)

World War II (cont.)

- African Americans served in the military and in the

World War II (cont.)

British and United States troops drove

The German Army surrendered at Stalingrad.

World War II (cont.)

World War II (cont.)

World War II (cont.)

World War II (cont.)

World War II (cont.)

World War II (cont.)

World War II (cont.)

World War II (cont.)

World War II (cont.)

World War II (cont.)

What events caused the outbreak of World War

Checking for Understanding

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Checking for Understanding

Franklin Roosevelt was president at the

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It allowed the U.S. to sell, lease, or lend weapons

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Language Arts Write newspaper headlines about

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Guide to Reading (cont.)

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Guide to Reading (cont.)

Big Three at Yalta

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The Cold War Era