PENCEMARAN

AIR

Air, Udara, Lahan .

The solution to
pollution is
dilution.

Konsep-Konsep Penting
Types, sources, and effects of water pollutants
Major pollution problems of surface water
Major pollution problems of groundwater
Reduksi dan Pencegahan Pencemaran Air
Kualitas Air Minum

Air adalah
kehidupan
di Bumi.

Definisi
Impaired Waters
Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act requires states to develop lists of
impaired waters, those that do not meet water quality standards that
states have set for them.

Total Maximum Daily Load

The law requires that states establish priority rankings for impaired waters
and develop total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) for them. A TMDL
specifies the maximum amount of a pollutant that a body of water can
receive and still meet water quality standards.

http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/overviewfs.html

Point Source Pollution

vs.
Nonpoint Source Pollution
Whats the difference?

Slides by Christopher C. Obropta, Rutgers University

Sumber Pencemaran : Titik

comes from a specific

source, like a pipe

factories, industry,
municipal treatment
plants

can be monitored and

controlled by a permit
system

Sumber pencemaran: Bukan-titik

Nonpoint Source (NPS)

Pollution is pollution
associated with
stormwater or runoff

NPS pollution cannot be

traced to a direct
discharge point such as a
wastewater treatment
facility

Contoh-contoh NPS

oil & grease from cars

fertilizers
animal waste
grass clippings
septic systems

sewage & cleaners from

boats
household cleaning products
litter

Mekanisme Transpor Polutan

NPS pollutants build up on land surfaces

during dry weather
Atmospheric deposition
Fertilizer applications
Animal waste
Automotive exhaust/fluid leaks

Pollutants are washed off land surfaces

during precipitation events (stormwater
runoff)

Stormwater runoff will flow to lakes and

streams

Pollutant build-up and wash off

are affected by land use.

Imperviousness increases
runoff

Land use changes impact

build up

Keterkaitan Landuse dengan Kualitas

Air

More Imperviousness = More Water

Apa itu Penutup Kedap Air?

roads, rooftops, parking lots, and other hard surfaces

that do not allow stormwater to soak into the ground

predominant American vegetation

Penutup kedap air

provides a
surface for
accumulation of
pollutants
leads to
increased
polluted runoff
and flooding
inhibits recharge
of groundwater

Dampak pencemaran Sumber Bukantitik

fish and
wildlife
recreational
water
activities
commercial
fishing
tourism
drinking water
quality

Polutan dalam Runoff

Sediment
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Soil particles
transported
Oxygen depleting material
from their
Leaves
source
Organic material
Toxics
Nutrients
Pesticides
Various types of materials
Herbicides
that become
dissolved
Fungicides
and suspended in water
Insecticides
(commonly found in
Metals (naturally
fertilizer and plant
occurring in soil,
material):
automotive emissions/
Nitrogen (N)
tires)
Phosphorus (P)
Lead
Bacteria/
Thermal
Zinc
Pathogens
Stress
Mercury
Heated
Originating from:
Petroleum
runoff,
Hydrocarbons
Pets
removal of
(automotive exhaust

Waterfowl
Debris
streamside
and
fuel/oil)
Failing septic
Litter and illegal
vegetation
systems

Sumber Polutan di Kawasan

Permukiman

Nutrients: Fertilizers and

septic systems
Pathogens: Pet waste and
septic systems
Sediment: Construction,
road sand, soil erosion
Toxic: Pesticides, household
products
Debris: Litter and illegal
dumping
Thermal: heated runoff,
removal of streamside
vegetation

Polutan dari pertanian

Sediment
Nutrients
Pathogens
Pesticides

Polutan Penting

Sediment reduces light

penetration in stream, clogs
gills of fish and aquatic
invertebrates.
Nutrients act as fertilizer for
algae & aquatic plants which
can cause highly varying
dissolved oxygen levels. At
low DO levels, the aquatic
life has the potential to be
harmed.
Toxics can impact life and
contaminate drinking water
supplies.
Bacteria/Pathogens are an
indicator of possible viruses
present in the system.

Apa Pencemaran Air?

Any chemical,
biological, or
physical change in
water quality that has
a harmful effect on
living organisms or
makes water
unsuitable for desired
usage.

Apa pencemaran air?

WHO:
3.4 million premature
deaths each year from
waterborne diseases
1.9 million from
diarrhea
U.S. 1.5 million
illnesses
1993 Milwaukee
370,000 sick

Apa pencemaran air?

Infectious Agents: bacteria and viruses often
from animal wastes
Oxygen Demanding Wastes: organic waste that
needs oxygen often from animal waste, paper
mills and food processing.
Inorganic Chemicals: Acids and toxic chemicals
often from runoff, industries and household
cleaners

Apa pencemaran air?

Organic Chemicals: oil, gasoline, plastics, detergents
often from surface runoff, industries and cleaners
Plant Nutrients: water soluble nitrates, ammonia and
phosphates often from sewage, agriculture and urban
fertilizers
Sediment: soils and silts from land erosion can disrupt
photosynthesis, destroy spawning grounds, clog
rivers and streams
Heat Pollution and Radioactivity: mostly from
powerplants

Bagaimana Kualitas Air?

Bacterial Counts: Fecal
coliform counts from
intestines of animals
None per 100 ml for
drinking
>200 per 100 ml for
swimming
Sources: human sewage,
animals, birds,
raccoons, etc.

Bagaimana mengukur kualitas air?

Dissolved Oxygen: BOD
Biological Oxygen Demand
the amount of oxygen
consumed by aquatic
decomposers
Chemical Analysis: looking for
presence of inorganic or
organic chemicals
Suspended Sediment water
clarity

Bagaimana mengukur Kualitas air?

Indicator Species:
organisms that give an
idea of the health of the
water body.
Mussels, oysters and
clams filter water

Tipe, Efek dan Sumber Pencemaran Air

Point sources
Nonpoint sources
Water quality

Sumber Pencemaran: Titik dan Bukan-Titik

NONPOINT SOURCES

Rural homes

Cropland

Urban streets

Animal feedlot
Suburban
development

POINT
SOURCES

Wastewater
treatment
plant

Factory

Sumber Pencemaran Air

Agriculture: by far the
leader
Sediment, fertilizers,
bacteria from livestock,
food processing, salt
from soil irrigation
Industrial: factories and
powerplants
Mining: surface mining
toxics, acids, sediment

Pencemaran Air Sungai

Flowing streams can recover from
moderate level of degradable
water pollution if their flows are
not reduced.
Natural biodegradation process
Does not work if overloaded or
stream flow reduced
Does not work against non
biodegradable pollutants

Pencemaran Sungai
Kurva Kantong oksigen

Faktor yang mempengaruhi recovery

Faktor apa yang mempengaruhi kurva kantong oksigen?

Dua Dunia
Developed Countries
U.S. and other developed
countries sharply reduced
point sources even with
population and economic
growth
Nonpoint still a problem
Toxic chemicals still problem
Success Cuyahoga River,
Thames River

Dua Dunia
Developing Countries:
Serious and growing problem
Half of worlds 500 major
rivers heavily polluted
Sewage treatment minimal
$$$
Law enforcement difficult
10% of sewage in China
treated
Economic growth with
little $$$ to clean up

Sungai Gangga India

Holy River (1 million take daily
holy dip)
350 million (1/3rd of pop) live in
watershed
Little sewage treatment
Used for bathing, drinking etc.
Bodies (cremated or not)
thrown in river
Good news is the Indian
government is beginning to
work on problem

Pencemaran Danau Air Tawar

Dilution as a solution in lakes
less effective
Little vertical mixing
Little water flow
(flushing)
Makes them more vulnerable
Toxins settle
Kill bottom life
Atmospheric deposition
Food chain disruptions

Biomagnifications
of PCBs in an
aquatic food chain
from the Great
Lakes.

Eutrofikasi Danau
Eutrophication: nutrient
enrichment of lakes
mostly from runoff of
plant nutrients (nitrates
and phosphates)
During hot dry weather can
lead to algae blooms
Decrease of photosynthesis
Dying algae then drops DO
levels
Fish kills, bad odor

Pencemaran Danau

Eutrofikasi

Eutrofikasi Danau
Penyelesaian masalah:
Advanced sewage
treatment (N, P)
Household detergents
Soil conservation
Remove excess weed
build up
Pump in oxygen or
freshwater

Studi Kasus: The Great Lakes

Pollution levels
dropped, but long
way to go
95% of U.S.
freshwater
30% Canadian
pop, 14% U.S.
38 million drink
1% flow out St.
Lawrence
Toxic fish

AIR TANAH = Groundwater

Why is groundwater pollution a serious
problem?
What is the extent of the problem?
What are the solutions?

Groundwater
Groundwater DAPAT
TERKONTAMINASI:
No way to cleanse itself
Little dilution and
dispersion
Out of sight pollution
Prime source for irrigation
and drinking
REMOVAL of pollutant
difficult

Pencemaran Groundwater
Low flow rates Few bacteria
Low oxygen
Cold temperatures
Hazardous waste injection well
Coal strip
mine runoff

Pesticides
De-icing
road salt
Pumping
well
Waste lagoon

Buried gasoline
and solvent tank
Cesspool
septic tank

Gasoline
station
Water pumping
well Landfill

Accidental
spills
aq u

Sewer

ifer

Leakage from faulty

casing

Discharge
ter
a
er
hw
uif
res
Confined aquifer
q
f
a
r
ed
e
n
t
i
a
f
hw
co n
s
n
Groundwater
e
r
U
df
e
flow
n
nfi
Co

Aliran air bawah tanah

Groundwater
Pollution moves in
plumes
Soil, rocks, etc. act like
sponge
Cleansing does not
work (low O, low flow,
cold)
Nondegradables may
be permanent

Pencegahan
lebih efektif
dan murah

Pencegahan Pencemaran Groundwater

Monitor aquifers
Find less hazardous substitutes
Leak detection systems
Strictly regulating hazardous waste disposal
Store hazardous materials above ground

Pencemaran Laut
Toleransi pencemaran laut
Coastal zones: How does pollution affect
coastal zones?
What are major sources of ocean
pollution and what is being done?
Tumpahan Minyak

Pencemaran Laut
Oceans can disperse and
break down large
quantities of degradable
pollution if they are not
overloaded.
Pollution worst near heavily
populated coastal zones
Wetlands, estuaries, coral
reefs, mangrove swamps
40% of worlds pop. Live
within 62 miles of coast

Mangrove Swamp

Estuaries

Pencemaran Laut
Large amounts of
untreated raw sewage
(viruses)
Leaking septic tanks
Runoff
Algae blooms from
nutrients
Dead zones NO DO
Airborne toxins
Oil spills

Pencemaran Laut

Preventing and
reducing the
flow of pollution
from land and
from streams
emptying into
the ocean is key
to protecting
oceans

TUMPAHAN MINYAK
Sources: offshore wells, tankers, pipelines and storage
tanks
Effects: death of organisms, loss of animal insulation
and buoyancy, smothering
Significant economic impacts
Mechanical cleanup methods: skimmers and blotters
Chemical cleanup methods: coagulants and dispersing
agents

Pencegahan dan Reduksi

How can we reduce surface water
pollution: point and also nonpoint.
How do sewage treatment plants work?
How successful has the U.S. been at
reducing water pollution? Clean Water
Act

Penyelesiaan: Mencegah dan Mereduksi

Pencemaran Air Permukaan

Nonpoint Sources

Point Sources

Reduce runoff
Clean Water Act
Buffer zone
Water Quality Act
vegetation
Reduce soil erosion
Only apply pesticides and fertilizers as needed

Sumber Pencemaran Nonpoint

Reduksi Runoff

Sumber Pencemaran Nonpoint

Zone Penyangga sekitar

sungai

Sumber pencemaran Nonpoint

Prevent soil erosion and only apply

needed pesticides and fertilizers

Sumber Pencemaran: Titik

Most developed countries
use laws to set water
pollution standards.
Federal Water Pollution
Control Act (Clean Water
Act 1972, 77, 87)
Regulates navigable
waterways..streams,
wetlands, rivers, lake

Peraturan Air Bersih

Sets standards for key
pollutants
Requires permits for
discharge
Requires sewage treatment
Require permits for
wetland destruction
Does not deal with
nonpoint sources well
Goal All Waterways
fishable and swimable

Teknologi: Sistem Septic

Memerlukan tanah dan perawatan
of all U.S. homes
have Septic tanks
Can be used in
parking lots, business
parks, etc.

Combined sewer
overflow is a
problem in many
older towns
EPA: 1.8 M to
3.85 M sick from
swimming in
water
contaminated by
sewer overflows
EPA: $100 billion
to fix

Pendekatan Teknologi: Pengolahan Air

Limbah

Pengolahan Secara Fisik dan Biologis

Primary: removes 60% of

solids and 30-40% oxygen
demanding wastes
(physically)
Secondary: uses biological
processes to remove up to
90% of biodegradables
Tertiary: advanced
techniques only used in 5%
of U.S. $$$$
Disinfection: chlorine,
ozone, UV
What is not taken out???

Technological Approach: Advanced

(Tertiary) Sewage Treatment
Uses physical and chemical processes
Removes nitrate and phosphate
Expensive
Not widely used

Sludge disposalusing as fertilizer

Technological Approach: Using

Wetlands to Treat Sewage

Fig. 22-18 p. 513

Berita Baik
Largely thanks to CWA:
Between 1972 2002
fishable and swimmable
streams 36% to 60%
74% served by sewage
treatment
Wetlands loss dropped by
80%
Topsoil losses dropped by
1 billion tons annually

Khabar Buruk
45% of Lakes, 40% streams
still not fishable and
swimmable
Nonpoint sources still huge
problem
Livestock and Ag. Runoff
Ikan dengan Racun

Solusi
Pencemaran Air

Air Bersih / Minum

How is drinking water purified? High tech
way.
How can we purify drinking water in
developing nations?
What is the Safe Drinking Water Act?
Is bottled water a good answer or an expensive
rip-off?

Kualitas Air Minum

Purification of urban drinking water
Protection from terrorism
Purification of rural drinking water
Safe Drinking Water Act
Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs)
Air Minum Botolan

Purifikasi Air Bersih Perkotaan

Surface Water: (like Delaware
River)
Removed to reservoir to
improve clarity
Pumped to a treatment
plant to meet drinking
water standards
Groundwater: often does not
need much treatment

Purifikasi Air Bersih Pedesaan

There can be simple ways
to purify water:
Exposing to heat and UV
rays
Fine cloths to filter water
Add small amounts of
chlorine

Hemat Air Bersih

54 countries have
drinking water laws
SDWA passed 1974
requires EPA to set
drinking water
standards
Maximum Contaminating
Levels (MCLs)

Hemat Air Bersih

Privately owned wells
exempt from SDWA
SDWA requires public
notification of failing to
meet standards and fine.
MCLs often stated in
parts per million or
parts per billion

Bottle Water
U.S. has the worlds
safest tap water due to
billions of $$$ of
investment
Bottle water 240 to
10,000 times more
expensive than tap
water
25% of bottle water is tap
water

Air Botolan
1.4 million metric tons of
bottle thrown away each
year
Toxic fumes released during
bottling
Bottles made from oil based
plastics
Water does not need to meet
SDWA