1.2
1.3
OS is a control program
1.4
is good approximation
1.5
Computer Startup
bootstrap program is loaded at power-up or reboot
1.6
I/O Structure
After I/O starts, control returns to user program only upon I/O
completion.
After I/O starts, control returns to user program without waiting for
I/O completion.
1.7
Storage Structure
Main memory only large storage media that the CPU can access
directly.
recording material
1.8
Storage Hierarchy
Storage systems organized in hierarchy.
Speed
Cost
Volatility
1.9
Storage-Device Hierarchy
1.10
Caching
Important principle, performed at many levels in a computer (in
there
1.11
implicit
1.12
Single user cannot keep CPU and I/O devices busy at all times
When it has to wait (for I/O for example), OS switches to another job
If processes dont fit in memory, swapping moves them in and out to run
1.13
1.14
Operating-System Operations
Interrupt driven by hardware
Software error or request creates exception or trap
components
1.15
1.16
Process Management
Initialization data
Typically system has many processes, some user, some operating system
running concurrently on one or more CPUs
1.17
1.18
Memory Management
All data in memory before and after processing
All instructions in memory in order to execute
Memory management determines what is in memory when
1.19
Storage Management
OS provides uniform, logical view of information storage
File-System management
OS activities include
1.20
Mass-Storage Management
Usually disks used to store data that does not fit in main memory or data
that must be kept for a long period of time.
OS activities
Free-space management
Storage allocation
Disk scheduling
1.21
I/O Subsystem
One purpose of OS is to hide peculiarities of hardware devices from
the user
1.22
do what
1.23
Client-Server Computing
1.24