ARTHROPODA

Materi BIOLOGI SMA Kelas

X
Semester Gasal
SK/KD

INDIKATOR

Dibuat oleh Drs. Arif

MATERI

EVALUASI

KELUAR

SK DAN KD
STANDAR KOMPETENSI
Memahami manfaat keanekaragaman
hayati

KOMPETENSI DASAR
Mendeskripsikan ciri-ciri filum dalam
dunia Hewan dan peranannya bagi
kehidupan

INDIKATOR
Mengenal ciri-ciri umum
Arthropoda.
Mengidentifikasi karakteristik
berbagai kelas anggota filum
arthropoda.
Menyajikan data (gambar, foto,
deskripsi) berbagai arthropoda yang
hidup di lingkungan sekitarnya
berdasarkan pengamatan.

MATERI
CIRI UMUM

CRUSTACEA

MYRIAPODA

ARACHNOIDEA

INSEKTA

CIRI UMUM
ARTHROPODA
Tubuh beruas-ruas (antar ruas lunak utk
pergerakan)
Eksoskeleton ( zat khitin)
Tubuh : kepala, dada, perut/ cephalothorax,
perut/ kepala, perut
Sistem digestivus lengkap
Respirasi: insang/ trachea/ paru-paru buku
Transportasi: terbuka (darah biru, jantung di
dorsal)
Sistem syaraf: tangga tali (otak, tali syaraf
kanan kiri, ganglion)
Gonokhoris
Hidup bebas atau parasit

Generalized Anatomy of a Crustacean

Crustacean anatomy is characterized by an external skeleton and a segmented body. In
different crustacean species these segments and the accompanying limbs have evolved
into specialized appendages for respiration, swimming, crawling, and feeding. The
extended inner cavity contains the digestive and nervous systems .

Astacopsis mollucensis

Astacopsis madagascar

Astacopsis desmaresti (jantan)

Astacopsis desmaresti (betina)

Astacoides madagascare

Astacus astacus

Atya gabonensis

Udang karang/ lobster

Xantho xantho

Daphnia

Necora puber.

Carcinus maenas

Moulting/Ecdysis

The hard shell, or exeskeleton of the Shore Crab does not grow
Instead, a soft shell grows inside the crab. Eventually, the crab grows too big and it has to shed its
old hard shell. This process is called 'moulting' and it is a very dangerous time for the crab. The
new shell is larger than the old one, but it is soft and takes time to harden.
While it remains soft, the crab tries to stay hidden so that it is not attacked by hungry fish and
other animals. During the moult, the crab can grow back a lost claw, but it will be smaller than the
one that was broken off.
The old discarded shell looks like a dead crab, but if you look closely you will find there are holes
where the eyes should be. It is hollow inside and it will sometimes float to the surface where it may
bePremoult
washed(Peeler)
ashore.
1.
stage;
A new soft exoskeleton forms underneath the old outer shell, and the calcium is resorbed into the blood from the old skeleton.
2. Ecdysis:
The old exoskeleton splits open and the crab withdraws and begins to rapidly absorb water. Prawns 'jacknife' out of their skeleton
leaving a spectre of their former selves.
3. Postmoult (Soft-back) stage:
The crab hides away until the new skeleton hardens. In large crab species, feeding stops for several days.
4. Intermoult
This is the intervening stage. However, it should be noted that changes are constantly in progress, the carapace becomes rigid
first, before the legs, and tissue growth continues internally.

Pagurus bernhardus

Glaucus

Udang galah

Macrobrachium rosenbergii.

Udang harimau

Udang minyak

Udang puteh

Udang solo

Centipede
The centipede is distinguished by a segmented body, with each segment bearing a
single pair of legs. The antennae and modified front pair of legs are also segmented.
Centipedes are carnivorous, using the modified legs, strong mandibles, and a poison
gland to capture and kill their prey.

Millipede
The millipede is a segmented arthropod found in damp, moist habitats worldwide. The body of the
millipede may have from 9 to over 100 individual segments, each of which bears a pair of legs. Millipedes
feed on decaying vegetation and are generally harmless. When threatened or handled, they curl up in a
tight ball. For defense against insect predators, millipedes rely on their stink glands, which secrete a
noxious chemical substance that repels predators.

Generalized Anatomy of an Arachnid

This illustration shows a generalized anatomy of arachnids, the group that includes scorpions, ticks, mites,
and spiders. Anatomical features such as the pedipalps and chelicerae modify for different uses in various
arachnid species. While arachnids are sometimes mistakenly grouped with insects, the two groups differ in
at least two key anatomical features. Arachnids do not possess antennae, whereas insects do; and arachnids
have four pairs of walking legs, rather than the three pairs possessed by insects. Among arachnids, only
spiders have the spinneret appendage, used for spinning silk.

Florida Argiope (Argiope florida)

Daddy Longlegs (Leiobunum sp.)

Spider.wmv

Anatomy of a Grasshopper
This illustration of a grasshopper depicts the tiny circular openings called
spiracles through which most insects obtain oxygen. From the spiracles,
tubes called tracheae reach deep within the body to supply oxygen to every

Anatomy of an Insect
This jewel beetle has been dissected to show the various components of its
anatomy. The head, or front segment, contains the mouth, eyes, and
antennae. The first segment of the thorax, located just behind the head,
bears the first pair of legs. The large posterior section of the body, including
the second and third segments of the thorax and the abdomen, contains the
remainder of the walking legs and all the vital body organs. The wings lack
muscles and are manipulated by muscles located inside the abdomen. The
outer surface of the body, called the exoskeleton, is protected by a hard

Butterfly and Moth Anatomy

Some of the anatomical features of butterflies and moths are shown in this illustration.
Like all insects, they have a body with three main partshead, thorax, and abdomen
and have three pairs of jointed legs on the thorax. Butterflies and moths are also
characterized by their two pairs of large, scale-covered wings and by mouthparts that
form a long proboscis for sipping nectar.

External Anatomy of a Fly

Like other insects, the fly has three distinct body regions: the head, the thorax, and the
abdomen. The head bears the eyes, a pair of antennae, and the mouthparts. Legs and
wings attach to the thorax. The segmented abdomen contains the tiny openings through
which the fly breathes. The last few segments of the abdomen are modified for mating
and egg laying

Generalized Anatomy of an Insect

All adult insects have three main body partsthe head, which holds an insects primary sense
organs; the thorax, which is the attachment site for the legs and wings; and the abdomen, which
contains the organs for digestion and reproduction. All of the insects soft inner body parts are
protected by an external skeleton, or exoskeleton, made of semirigid plates and tubes.

Compound Eye
The eyes of insects and many other arthropods are compound, each
composed of up to several thousand individual visual organs called
ommatidia. The surface of each ommatidium is a hexagonal lens, below
which is a second, conical lens. Light entering the ommatidium is
focused by these lenses down a central structure called the rhabdom,
where an inverted image forms on light-sensitive retinular cells.
Pigment cells surrounding the rhabdom keep light from other ommatidia
from entering. Optic nerve fibers transmit information from each
rhabdom separately to the brain, where it is combined to form a single

Compound Eyes of a Fly

The head of the common house fly is dominated by a pair of large compound
eyes containing approximately 4,000 image-forming elements called
ommatidia. Each cone-shaped ommatidium consists of a lens, a crystalline
rod, and a collection of light-sensitive cells.Oxford Scientific Films/Kjell B.

Antennae of an Atlas Moth

The featherlike antennae of this atlas moth make it extremely sensitive to
scents. Male atlas moths can detect odor-carrying molecules called
pheromones released by females at a distance of many kilometers away.

Aphids
Aphids are small, plant-sucking insects harmful to many commercially important plants.
Although humans consider them pests, aphids are important to a number of species of
ants. For example, honeydew ants keep herds of aphids and periodically milk them for
their honeydew by stroking the aphids gently with their antennae. Ants will
aggressively protect their aphids and may even move them when they are in danger,
transferring them into temporary shelters or new nests. Some ant species also move
their aphids into underground shelters or burrows during the winter months.

Aphids on a Cabbage Plant

Aphids are small insects found throughout temperate regions of the world. They
parasitize a variety of wild and commercially important plants by sucking out plant
fluids. Because aphids exude a sweet, sticky fluid that can be used by certain species of
ants, herds of aphids are often found guarded and tended by ants.

Tiger Beetle (Cicindela duodecimguttata)

Hymenoptera

This order contains at least 100,000

species in two suborders; Symphyta
(wood wasps and sawflies), and
Apocrita (wasps, bees and ants)
The hymenopteran life cycle involves
metamorphosis of egg-larva-pupa-adult.
The honey bee provides the honey and
bee's wax of commerce which is worth
millions of dollars annually. Of even
greater value is the pollination of crops:
fruits, seeds, timber, etc

Dragonfly
The dragonfly is commonly seen around ponds, lakes, swamps, and marshes. It has large compound
eyes and two pairs of large wings. The dragonfly captures flies, gnats, mosquitoes, and other small
insects with its basketlike legs as it flies above the water surface. All dragonflies have an aquatic larval
form that may spend up to two years or more on the bottoms of ponds, lakes, and streams feeding on
small fish, tadpoles, and other aquatic insects and their larvae.

Camponotus chromaiodes

Pseudomyrmex apache worker

Formicidae

Eciton hamatum, Army Ant

Homoptera
Acanaloniid planthoppers

Coleoptera
Alleculidae

Orthoptera
Blatella

Apterygota

They are most active at night, feeding as herbivores or

scavengers on algae, mosses, lichens, or decaying organic
matter

Sexual maturity is reached after at least eight juvenile instars spanning up to two years. Molting
continues periodically even after adulthood. The sexes are separate, but copulation does not
occur. Males produce a packet of sperm (spermatophore) and leave it on the ground to be picked
up by a female. Females cannot store sperm (they lack a spermatheca), and evidently acquire a
new spermatophore before each bout of egg laying. Eggs are laid singly or in small groups (<30).
Some species have elaborate courtship rituals to insure that females are able to locate a
spermatophore.
Some bristletails can jump up to 10 cm (4 inches) by snapping their abdomen against the ground.

Autochton cellus

Nymphalis antiopa

Agraulis vanillae

Hemiargus ceraunus

Battus philenor

EVALUASI
Jawablah pertanyaan berikut dengan tepat
1. sebutkan minimal 3 ciri umum arthropoda
2. Jelaskan perbedaan yang ada pada masing-masing
kelas anggota arthropoda dalam hal:
a. pembagian tubuh
b. jumlah alat gerak dan letaknya pada tubuh
c. alat pernafasan
3. Sebutkan kelima kelas yang ada pada arthropoda
beserta contoh speciesnya masing-masing minimal 2
4. Sebutkan masing-masing 3 contoh arthropoda yang
menguntungkan dan merugikan.