https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=izRvPaAWgyw
ECOLOGY
ECOSYSTEM
Organism
An
Species
A
ORGANISM
LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL
ORGANIZATION
It is important to remember that all
QUESTION:
ANSWER
The insect
population will
grow rapidly and
destroy forest and
crops.
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
CONT.
ORGANIZATION CONT.
Collectively, all the biomes of the planet earth
make up the biosphere.
Again, the most basic level of
ecological organization is the individual/species.
A group of individuals of the
same species make up a population.
A community is all the
populations of living
organisms in an area.
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
PARTS OF AN
ECOSYSTEM
Abiotic
Biotic
Biodiversity
Keystone Species
Biotic
Factors
ABIOTIC
KEY CONCEPT
Every ecosystem includes both living (biotic) and
nonliving (abiotic) factors.
Number of species
NOT
Population number
KEYSTONE SPECIES
creation of
wetland
ecosystem
increased waterfowl
Population
increased
fish
population
keystone species
nesting sites
for birds
increased waterfowl
Population
increased
fish
population
keystone species
nesting sites
for birds
FOOD CHAINS
AND FOOD WEBS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sjEPkjp3u4&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtNdTKZkV_GiIYXpV
9w4WxbX
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=v6ubvEJ3KGM
PRIMARY PRODUCERS
Cattails
ttp://www.nicerweb.com/doc/class/pix/PRAIRIE/2005_07_18/Typha_angustifolia.jpg
http://www.ncdot.org/doh/Operations/dp_chief_eng/roadside/wildflowerbook/graphics/images/page14a.jpg
Marsh Fern
http://wisplants.uwsp.edu/scripts/detail.asp?SpCode=THEPALvPUB
2.
3.
PRIMARY CONSUMERS IN
MARSHES
Muskrat (eats mostly Cattails)
http://wdfw.wa.gov/wlm/living/graphics/muskrat1.jpg
http://www.advancedwildlifecontrolllc.com/images/muskrat.jpg
PRIMARY CONSUMERS IN
MARSHES
http://dsf.chesco.org/ccparks/lib/ccparks/wood_duck_pair.jpg
PRIMARY CONSUMERS IN
MARSHES
http://bugguide.net/node/view/41662
SECONDARY CONSUMERS
http://www.bio.davidson.edu/projects/tate/Terms.htm
SECONDARY CONSUMERS
http://www.jeaniron.ca/2007/SwampSparrow6645.jpg
TERTIARY CONSUMERS
www.montereybay.com
www.audubon.org
OMNIVORE
http://abouttitusville.com/BobPaty/Animals/images/Racoon.jpg
DETRITIVORE
HABITAT
NICHE
NICHE
NICHE
HABITAT
HABITAT
58
Learning Objectives
Starter
Population Size
To do: Draw a concept map of what effects the size of a
population.
population grows
Decrease in predators
plenty of food
food shortage
Food
POPULATION SIZE
overcrowding
Disease
increased
aggression /
competition for
Predators
increase in
predators
population
falls
predators
prey
predators
prey
mimicry
speed &
keen senses
camouflage
warning
colors &
patterns
scarlet kingsnake
camouflage
allows predators
to blend in with
their
surroundings
treefrogs have
special pads on
their feet so they
can cling to
kingsnakes
are
immune to
the venom
of
venomous
snakes
2
4
6
5
The eyes of prey are located on the side of the head. This
allows them to see to the side and rear while eating, without
moving their head. Some prey have almost 360 vision.
Predatorprey graph
These graphs are a common exam question.
You should know that:
There are always more prey than predators.
The prey always increases before the predators do.
To do: Write down how you could tell which line is the predator and
which is the prey on a graph. Explain why the predator increases
after the prey.
Predatorprey graph
This population data comes from fur trapping records.
How are the populations linked?
Predatorprey graph
How does the lynx population depend on the number of
snowshoe hares?
estimated population size
(thousands)
150
snowshoe
hare
lynx
Take a closer
look at this part
of the graph.
100
50
0
1800
1820
1840
1860
time (year)
1880
1900
150
100
50
0
1850
1855
time (year)
1860
1865
Predatorprey cycle
Predator and prey population sizes follow a cycle.
What happens if the prey population increases?
normal prey population
prey population
prey population
increases
increases
predator
population
decreases
as less food
predator
population
increases
as more food
Predatorprey cycle
Predator and prey population sizes follow a cycle.
What happens if the prey population decreases?
normal prey population
prey population
prey population
decreases
decreases
predator
population
decreases
as less food
predator
population
increases
as more food
Your turn
The population of any species is normally limited by
the amount of food available.
If the population of the prey increases, then so will
the population of the predators
_______.
However, as the population of predators increases,
the number of prey decreases
_______.
Example
More grass means more rabbits
______.
foxes
More rabbits means more
rabbits
_____
But more foxes means less
less
______.
Eventually, less rabbits will
mean ____ foxes again.
MUTUALISM: CLOWNFISH
& SEA ANEMONE
Both organisms
derive mutual
benefit
Intimate and
obligatory
Neither can survive
for long periods
without the other
CLEAN RHINOCEROS;
ANEMONES PROTECT AND
FEED CLOWNFISH
PARASITISM: TAPEWORM
AND HUMANS
COMMENSALISM:
FLATWORMS AND
HORSESHOE CRABS
space,
defense, shelter, food
CLIMATE
Definition?
The overriding factor that determines the
general nature of an ecosystem.
If the climate is always hot and dry, the soil
will be sandy. The plants, animals and other
life will be specially adapted for survival in a
desert.
CLIMATE CONT.
ORGANIZATION CONT.
The boundary of a community is
determined by the
distribution of its members.
The boundary of one
community is not
necessarily the boundary
of another community.
We say these
communities overlap.
ORGANIZATION CONT.
BIOSPHERE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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