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ECOLOGY

The science of interconnected relationships

CRASH COURSE BIOLOGY

Ecology Rules for living on earth. Crash


Course biology #40

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=izRvPaAWgyw

ECOLOGY

The study of organisms and their


interrelationships with their environment
(biotic and abiotic) upon which determine
distribution and abundance of organisms.

ECOSYSTEM

An interacting system that consists of groups


of organisms and their non-living
environment with in a boundary.

Organism
An

individual living thing

Species
A

Group of the same organisms that


are able to breed and produce fertile
organisms.

ORGANISM

LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL
ORGANIZATION
It is important to remember that all

parts of an ecosystem are interrelated.


Each part is affected by all other parts.

If we remove or add one species from an


ecosystem, there could be severe

consequences for that ecosystem.

QUESTION:

With a partner, answer the following


question:
If we remove all the spiders from a given
ecosystem
Who do you think would benefit?
What would happen to their population?
Who would be affected then?

ANSWER

The insect
population will
grow rapidly and
destroy forest and
crops.

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

Ecologists tend to label groups of organisms.


Lets look at a familiar setting for example:
Your house is part of a town, this is part of a
state, which is part of a country, which is
part of a continent.

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
CONT.

No individual organism lives completely on


its own.
Organisms may live with other individuals of
the same species to form a population.
Several populations living together make up
a community.
Several communities in a given area make up
a biome.

ORGANIZATION CONT.
Collectively, all the biomes of the planet earth
make up the biosphere.
Again, the most basic level of
ecological organization is the individual/species.
A group of individuals of the
same species make up a population.
A community is all the
populations of living
organisms in an area.

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

PARTS OF AN
ECOSYSTEM
Abiotic
Biotic
Biodiversity
Keystone Species

Objective: Students will know


that an ecosystem includes
both biotic and abiotic factors
AND that changing one factor
in an ecosystem can affect
many other factors.

TWO PARTS OF AN ECOSYSTEM


BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC

Biotic
Factors

that are or were alive/living in an


ecosystem.

Examples: animals, plants, insects, bacteria,


fungi, and dead organisms.

ABIOTIC

Factors in an environment that are not or


never were alive.
Examples: rock island, gases, water, sun,
minerals and temperature.

KEY CONCEPT
Every ecosystem includes both living (biotic) and
nonliving (abiotic) factors.

Biotic factors are living things.


plants
animals
fungi
bacteria

Abiotic factors are nonliving things.


moisture
temperature
wind
sunlight
soil

Every ecosystem contains biotic and abiotic factors

List the biotic and abiotic factors in this picture


Share with your neighbors

Biodiversity is the assortment, or


variety, of living things in an
ecosystem.

Rain forests have


more biodiversity
than other
locations in the
world, but are
threatened by
human activities.
(50% of the worlds
plant and animals
species are here)

Biodiversity has to do with:

Number of species

NOT

Population number

Extinctions lower biodiversity!!!

KEYSTONE SPECIES

A keystone species is a species


that has an unusually large
effect on its ecosystem.
Ex: A beaver
Their

removal from the


ecosystem may cause a ripple
effect felt across an entire
ecosystem

With a partner, come up with


some ideas about how
putting a beaver into an area
might change the ecosystem
keyston
e

By felling trees to construct dams, Beavers:


Change

free flowing streams into ponds, wetlands, and


meadows
Lead to an overall increase in biodiversity

creation of
wetland
ecosystem

increased waterfowl
Population

increased
fish
population

keystone species
nesting sites
for birds

More variety of fish- Fish attract birds


Insects inhabit pond and dead trees along the
shore- Insects attract birds
Animals that prey on birds are attracted to the
pond
creation of
wetland
ecosystem

increased waterfowl
Population

increased
fish
population

keystone species
nesting sites
for birds

OTHER KEYSTONE SPECIES

FOOD CHAINS
AND FOOD WEBS

WHERE WE ARE AND HOW WE


GOT HERE!!!

The History of Life on Earth: Crash Course


Biology Ecology #1

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sjEPkjp3u4&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtNdTKZkV_GiIYXpV
9w4WxbX

CRASH COURSE BIOLOGY

Ecosystem Ecology: links in the chain

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=v6ubvEJ3KGM

WHAT IS A FOOD CHAIN?

A food chain is a sequence of organisms, each of


which uses the next, lower member of the
sequence as a food source

IMPORTANT FACTS ABOUT FOOD


CHAINS

In a food chain each organism obtains energy


from the one at the level below.

Plants are called producers because they


create their own food through photosynthesis

Animals are consumers because they cannot


create their own food, they must eat plants
or other animals to get the energy that they
need.

PRIMARY PRODUCERS

Primary producers are organisms capable of


producing their own food

We can also say that they are photosynthetic,


use light energy.

Examples of primary producers include algae,


phytoplankton, and large plants.

Primary producers are eaten by primary


consumers (herbivores)

PRIMARY PRODUCERS OF WETLANDS


Marsh Mallow

Cattails

ttp://www.nicerweb.com/doc/class/pix/PRAIRIE/2005_07_18/Typha_angustifolia.jpg

http://www.ncdot.org/doh/Operations/dp_chief_eng/roadside/wildflowerbook/graphics/images/page14a.jpg

Marsh Fern

Blue Flag Iris


http://www.ontariowildflower.com/images/blueflag2.jpg

http://wisplants.uwsp.edu/scripts/detail.asp?SpCode=THEPALvPUB

FOUR TYPES OF CONSUMER

Herbivores: animals that eat only plants

Carnivores: animals that eat only other


animals.

Omnivores: animals that eat animals and


plants.

Detritivores: Animals that eat dead


materials and organic wastes

OTHER WAYS TO CLASSIFY


CONSUMERS
1.

Primary Consumers: Herbivores.

2.

Secondary Consumers: Carnivores that eat


herbivores.

3.

Tertiary Consumers: Carnivores that eat


other carnivores.

PRIMARY CONSUMERS IN
MARSHES
Muskrat (eats mostly Cattails)

http://wdfw.wa.gov/wlm/living/graphics/muskrat1.jpg
http://www.advancedwildlifecontrolllc.com/images/muskrat.jpg

PRIMARY CONSUMERS IN
MARSHES

Wood Duck eats seeds from plants that live in


a wetland

http://dsf.chesco.org/ccparks/lib/ccparks/wood_duck_pair.jpg

PRIMARY CONSUMERS IN
MARSHES

Glassy-winged Toothpick Grasshopper eats


leaves of plants like cattail and pickerelweed

http://bugguide.net/node/view/41662

SECONDARY CONSUMERS

Black Rat Snake eats eggs of animals like


wood duck

http://www.bio.davidson.edu/projects/tate/Terms.htm

SECONDARY CONSUMERS

Swamp Sparrow eats seeds but also insects


like the toothpick grasshopper

http://www.jeaniron.ca/2007/SwampSparrow6645.jpg

TERTIARY CONSUMERS

Eat other animals in marsh including snake and


sparrow
Osprey

www.montereybay.com

www.audubon.org

OMNIVORE

Racoon eats seeds, fruits, insects, worms, fish,


and frogs and pretty much anything else they
can get their paws on!

http://abouttitusville.com/BobPaty/Animals/images/Racoon.jpg

DETRITIVORE

A decomposer eats dead or dying


organisms.

WHAT IS A FOOD WEB?

A food web is an interlocking pattern


of food chains2

HABITAT & NICHE


Where you live and what you do

HABITAT

A place where an organism lives or can be


found.

HABITAT AND NICHE

Each organism confronts the challenge of


survival in a different way.
The niche an organism occupies is the sum of
all the ways it utilizes the resources of its
environment.
Part of this role may be played as the
predator and part may be played as the prey.

NICHE

A niche may be described in terms of space


utilization, food consumption, temperature
range and mating requirements.
An organisms niche would also take into
account its behavior. You can think of an
organisms niche as its job/role in the
environment.

NICHE

Example: Snakes eat mice and other birds


and rodents but snakes are also eaten by
birds of prey and mice eat grasshoppers and
other insects.

NICHE

A beaver is an ecosystem engineer. It cuts


down trees and dams up a river which will
flood the forest with a pond. Eventually
the trees will dies, new species of plants
and wildlife will arrive to take advantage
of the new conditions. Eventually, this
forest will become a meadow. The
beavers NICHE is the role it plays in
shaping the environment. But it is also
a main prey species for predators.

HABITAT

Niche is not synonymous with habitat.


Habitat is a place, niche is a pattern of
living. Habitat is the address and niche is
the job or occupation.
If two organisms have the same habitat
and similar niches, they will compete with
each other over the available resources.
(food- water -shelter)

HABITAT

Competition is the struggle between two


organisms within their habitat.
If a species can avoid competing they may
co-exist. But if they compete, one will
eventually drive the other out of the
habitat, unless they have slightly
different niches.
Example: times of activity

DIFFERENT NICHES TO AVOID


COMPETITON:

Nocturnal active at night

Diurnal - active during the day

Crepuscular active at dawn and dusk

DIFFERENT NICHES TO AVOID


COMPETITON: CONT

Migration moving from one area to another


to use resources

Hibernation reducing activity severely for a


period of time.

NICHE & HABITAT

Lion king video


https://sciencewithmsbarton.wordpress.com
/2014/01/23/thinking-about-habitats-andniches/

58

PREDATOR & PREY


RELATIONSHIPS
Im coming to get you!!!

Predator Prey Relationships

Learning Objectives

Be able to describe the relationship between predators and their


prey.

Be able to explain the shape of a predator prey


graph.

Food web - Interdependence

Starter

If the mouse is considered a pest and baited, find as many


effects on the food web as you can, in 3 minutes.

Food web Interdependence


and that was a simplified food web. Imagine the interactions in
a less simplified web. Do you think the bobcat would be affected if
the mosquito larvae were destroyed as a malaria risk?

Food web - Interdependence


or even a more
complete web again.

Population Size
To do: Draw a concept map of what effects the size of a
population.
population grows

Decrease in predators

plenty of food

food shortage
Food

POPULATION SIZE
overcrowding

Disease
increased
aggression /
competition for

Predators
increase in
predators

population
falls

Animals that eat other animals


Populations of animals are often limited by the amount of food.
What are animals that eat other animals called?

predators

What are the animals that predators eat called?

prey

To do: Define the words Predator and Prey and give an


example of each.

Predator and prey adaptations


How are predators and prey adapted to survive?
Predators are adapted to catching and consuming their prey.

predators

Prey have adaptations to detect and prevent being eaten


by predators.

prey

Prey Adaptations General


Prey have adaptations to detect and prevent being eaten by
predators.

venomous coral snake

mimicry

speed &
keen senses
camouflage
warning
colors &
patterns

scarlet kingsnake

Predator Adaptations General


Predators have adaptations to catch and consume their prey.

birds of prey have


keen eyesight and
sharp beaks and
talons

camouflage
allows predators
to blend in with
their
surroundings
treefrogs have
special pads on
their feet so they
can cling to

venomous snakes have


poisonous venom to
subdue their prey

kingsnakes
are
immune to
the venom
of
venomous
snakes

Can you find the camouflaged predators?


1

2
4

6
5

Some predator and prey adaptations are the same.

Predator & Prey adaptations -Eyes


The eyes of predators face forwards. This gives them good
depth perception allowing them to judge distances well. Can
focus on a single point.

The eyes of prey are located on the side of the head. This
allows them to see to the side and rear while eating, without
moving their head. Some prey have almost 360 vision.

The Lynx and the Snowshoe hare


This is the most common example of the predator prey
relationship.

Prey Adaptations Snowshoe Hare


The snowshoe hare lives in northern parts of North America.
How is it adapted to the cold and to avoid being eaten by
predators, such as lynxes?
Coat changes colour
with the seasons from
greyish-brown in summer
to white in midwinter.
Large ears help to
detect predators.
Strong teeth are able to
chew bark and twigs.
Large back feet spread
out to act as snow shoes.
Fur on the soles also
protects from the cold.

Predator adaptations the lynx


Lynxes are adapted to life in a cold climate. How are these
predators adapted for catching the snowshoe hares that are
their main prey?
Excellent eyesight and
hearing for detecting prey.
Very sharp teeth prey
watch out!
Thick furry coat protects
from the cold.
Very strong hind leg
muscles are capable of a
pounce 6.5 metres long!
Extra large paws act as
snow shoes on soft,
deep snow.

Predatorprey graph
These graphs are a common exam question.
You should know that:
There are always more prey than predators.
The prey always increases before the predators do.

To do: Write down how you could tell which line is the predator and
which is the prey on a graph. Explain why the predator increases
after the prey.

Predatorprey graph
This population data comes from fur trapping records.
How are the populations linked?

Predatorprey graph
How does the lynx population depend on the number of
snowshoe hares?
estimated population size
(thousands)

150

snowshoe
hare
lynx

Take a closer
look at this part
of the graph.

100

50

0
1800

1820

1840

1860

time (year)

1880

1900

Predatorprey graph section


Why does the peak for the lynx population always come after
the peak for the number of snowshoe hares?
snowshoe
hare
lynx

estimated population size


(thousands)

150

100

For the populations


to survive, there
will always be more
hares than lynxes.

50

0
1850

1855

time (year)

1860

1865

Predatorprey cycle
Predator and prey population sizes follow a cycle.
What happens if the prey population increases?
normal prey population
prey population
prey population
increases
increases

predator
population
decreases
as less food

prey population decreases


because of more predators

predator
population
increases
as more food

Predatorprey cycle
Predator and prey population sizes follow a cycle.
What happens if the prey population decreases?
normal prey population
prey population
prey population
decreases
decreases

predator
population
decreases
as less food

prey population increases


because of less predators

predator
population
increases
as more food

Your turn
The population of any species is normally limited by
the amount of food available.
If the population of the prey increases, then so will
the population of the predators
_______.
However, as the population of predators increases,
the number of prey decreases
_______.
Example
More grass means more rabbits
______.
foxes
More rabbits means more
rabbits
_____
But more foxes means less
less
______.
Eventually, less rabbits will
mean ____ foxes again.

Predator Prey Relationships

Are you now able to.

Be able to describe the relationship between


predators and their prey.

Be able to explain the shape of a predator prey graph.

MUTUALISM: CLOWNFISH
& SEA ANEMONE

Both organisms
derive mutual
benefit
Intimate and
obligatory
Neither can survive
for long periods
without the other

CLEAN RHINOCEROS;
ANEMONES PROTECT AND
FEED CLOWNFISH

PARASITISM: TAPEWORM
AND HUMANS

Parasite lives on or in the host and


benefits at the expense of the host

PARASITISM: TREE WITH PARASITIC


MISTLETOE, TROUT WITH BLOODSUCKING SEA LAMPREYS

COMMENSALISM:
FLATWORMS AND
HORSESHOE CRABS

Only one member


benefits
sharing

space,
defense, shelter, food

Flatworms that live on


the gills of horseshoe
crabs obtain food from
the host, but do not
negatively affect the
host

COMMENSALISM: BROMILIAD ROOTS ON


TREE TRUNK WITHOUT HARMING TREE

CLIMATE
Definition?
The overriding factor that determines the
general nature of an ecosystem.
If the climate is always hot and dry, the soil
will be sandy. The plants, animals and other
life will be specially adapted for survival in a
desert.

CLIMATE CONT.

If the climate is hot and moist, then there


will be many trees, characteristic of a
Rainforest. Some animals and insects will be
adapted for living in trees. They are called
arboreal and include monkeys and spiders.

ORGANIZATION CONT.
The boundary of a community is
determined by the
distribution of its members.
The boundary of one
community is not
necessarily the boundary
of another community.
We say these
communities overlap.

ORGANIZATION CONT.

A biome is a large geographical area with a


similar climate.

BIOSPHERE

The biosphere is the region on Earth where


all life exists.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Pictures by Microsoft ClipArt

mjdestiny.blogspot.com

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