Hydraulic Pump
It is device which converts mechanical
energy into hydraulic energy.
Here the term hydraulic energy refers to
potential energy and kinetic energy of a
liquid.
The pump does not produce pressure .
It produces only fluid flow.
Pump requires mechanical power to
operate / run, they are known as the
energy absorbing machines.
Pump Vs Turbine
S.no
1
Pumps
Turbine
It converts
It converts hydraulic
mechanical energy to energy to
hydraulic energy
mechanical energy
It is an energy
absorbing machine
It is an energy
producing machine
Applications
Manufacturing industry
Automobile industry
Agricultural industry
Naval industry
Aerospace industry
Mechatronics field
Material handling field
Construction field
Other industries
Classification
Hydraulic pumps
Positive displacement
Reciprocating pumps
Centrifugal pumps
Positive Displacement
Pump
Advantages
It can operate at very high pressure (up to
700 bar)
They are small and compact in size
They achieve high volumetric efficiency
EG: These pumps are widely used in all
fluid power applications.
Non Positive
Displacement
Advantages
Have fewer moving parts
Initial and maintenance costs are
comparatively less
They provide smooth continuous flow
Simple in operation
Suitable for handling almost any type of
fluid (Sludges)
Disadvantages
Volumetric efficiency is very low
They are not self priming
Reciprocating Pumps
Classification
i.
ii.
i.
ii.
iii.
Main Parts of a
Reciprocating Pump
A cylinder with a Piston, Piston rod,
Connecting rod and a crank.
Suction pipe,
Delivery pipe
Suction valve and
Delivery valve.
Single Acting
Reciprocating Pump
In this pump, liquid acts on one side of the
piston only.
It has only one suction pipe and one
delivery pipe.
It is usually placed above the liquid level
in the sump.
Working
i.
ii.
Suction Stroke:
Initially the crank is at the inner dead
centre (IDC) and the crank rotates in the
clockwise direction.
When the crank rotates clockwise from
IDC to outer dead centre (ODC) (i.e.
from 0 to 180), the piston moves
outward to the right and a vacuum is
created on the left side of the piston.
Delivery stroke:
i. When the crank rotates from ODC to IDC
(i.e. from 180 to 360) the piston moves
inward to the left and a high pressure is
built up in the cylinder.
ii. The increased pressure causes a suction
valve to close and the discharge valve
open.
Forward Stroke
i.
ii.
iii.
Return Stroke
i.
ii.
iii.
Applications
Light oil pumping
Feeding small boiler condensate return
Pneumatic pressure system
SLIP OF RECIPROCATING
PUMP
Slip of a pump is defined as the difference
between the theoretical discharge and
actual discharge of the pump.
Percentage slip is given by
Percentage Slip =
Q th - Q act
Q th
Q
1 act
Q th
x 100
x 100
Q act
Q th
NEGATIVE SLIP OF
RECIPROCATING PUMP
If the actual discharge is greater than the
theoretical discharge, then the slip of the
pump is ve.
In that case, slip of the pump is known as
negative slip.
Negative slip occurs when delivery pipe is
short, suction pipe is long and pump is
running at high speed.
CENTRIFUGAL
PUMPS
Definition
Classification
Based on the shape and type of casing:
a. Volute or spiral casing
b. Vortex or whirlpool casing
c. Volute casing with guide blades
2. Based on the working head
a. Low head (up to 15m)
b. Medium head (15m to 40m)
c. High head (over 40m)
1.
Components of a
Centrifugal Pump
Impeller
Casing
Suction pipe with a foot-valve & strainer
Delivery pipe
Impeller
i.
ii.
iii.
There are three main categories of impeller due type of impellers vane,
which are used in the centrifugal pumps as;
Radial vanes, Fig. (a).
Backward vanes, Fig. (b).
Forward vanes, Fig. (c).
Casing
It is an airtight chamber surrounding the
pump impeller.
It is similar to the casing of a reaction
turbine.
It is designed in such a way that the
kinetic energy of the liquid is converted
into pressure energy before the liquid
leaves the casing.
Delivery Pipe
The pipe which is connected at its lower
end to the outlet of the pump and it
delivers the liquid to the required height is
known as delivery pipe.
A regulating valve is provided on the
delivery pipe to regulate the supply of
water.
Working Principle
Step 1:
The delivery valve is closed and the suction
pipe, casing and portion of the delivery
pipe up to the delivery valve are
completely filled with the liquid so that no
air pocket is left. This process known as
priming.
Step 2:
The electric motor is started to rotate the
impeller when keeping the delivery valve
still closed.
The rotation of the impeller causes strong
or vacuum just at the eye of the casing.
Step 3 :
Step 4:
Step 5:
Step 6:
Step 7:
When pump is stopped, the delivery valve
should be closed, otherwise there may be
some back flow from the reservoir.
If there is a foot-valve , no need to close
the delivery valve.
It is a one-way non-return valve.
It arrests the back flow.
Comparison reciprocating
& Centrifugal Pumps
S.no Reciprocating pump
Centrifugal pump
It is suitable for
large discharge and
smaller heads
It requires small
floor area
3
4
Efficiency is less
It needs priming
Installation &
maintenance cost are
difficult and costly.
Installation &
maintenance
cost are easier
and cheaper.
More wear and
tear
It can run at
higher speeds
The operation is
complicated and noisy.
The operation is
smooth and
quiet.
10
The thrust on
the crankshaft is
uniform
11