Oscillatory Motion

Periodic motion is motion of an object that

regularly repeatsthe object returns to a given
position after a fixed time interval.
A special kind of periodic motion occurs in
mechanical systems when the force acting
on an object is proportional to the position of the
object relative to some equilibrium
position. If this force is always directed toward the
equilibrium position, the motion
is called simple harmonic motion, which is the
primary focus of this chapter.

15.1 Motion of an Object

Attached to a Spring

Hookes law&Newtons
second law
1) Fs
Fs
x
k
2) Fx
Fx
m
ax

= - kx
= restoring force(Newton)
= displacement ( meter)
= force constant (Newton/meter)
= max
= force (Newton)
= mass (Kg)
= acceleration (m/s2)

So, -kx = max ax= -kx

m
That is the acceleration is propotional to the position
of
the block and its direction is opposite the direction of
the displacement from equilibrium position. System
that
behave in this way are said to exhibit simple
harmonic
motion.

15.2 Mathematical representation

of simple harmonic motion
1) k=/ m

= 2f = 2
T

2) T= 2

m/k
3) T = 2
= angular frecuency (rad/s)
f = frecuency (1/s)
T = period (s)

k /m
4) Vmax = A=

5) amax = 2A = k

m
Vmax = maximum speed (m/s)
amax

2
maximum
acceleration
(m/s
)
=

3. Energy of the Simple

Harmonic Oscillator

Kinetic energy of a simple

harmonic oscillator

Potential energy of a simple

harmonic oscillator

Total energy of a simple harmonic

oscillator

The total mechanical energy of a simple

harmonic oscillator is a constant of the motion
and is proportional to the square of the
amplitude.

4. Plots of the kinetic and

potential energies versus time

Kinetic energy and

potential energy
versus time for a
simple harmonic
oscillator with

Kinetic energy and

potential energy
versus position for a
simple harmonic
oscillator. In either
plot, note that K +
U = constant.

we can use the principle of

conservation of energy to obtain the
velocity for an arbitrary position by
expressing the total energy at some
arbitrary position x as

Comparing Simple Harmonic Motion

with Uniform Circular Motion

Relationship
between the uniform
circular motion of a
point P and the
simple harmonic
motion of a point Q.
A particle at P moves
in a circle of radius A
with constant
angular speed

(b) The x coordinates of points P and Q are equal

and vary in time according to the expression x =
A
(c) The x component of the velocity of P equals
the velocity of Q.
(d) The x component of the acceleration of P
equals the acceleration of Q.

Uniform circular motion can be considered

a combination of two simple harmonic
motions,
one along the x axis and one along the y
axis, with the two differing in phase by 90.

5. The Pendulum

The pendulum is another

mechanical system that
exhibits periodic motion.

6. Damped Oscillation
systems that oscillate indefinitely under the
action like nonconservative forces, such as
friction, retard the motion.
Consequently, the mechanical energy of the
system diminishes in time, and the motion
is said to be damped.

where the angular frequency of oscillation is

Figure 15.22 shows the position as a function of time for an

object oscillating in the
presence of a retarding force. We see that when the retarding
force is small, the oscillatory
character of the motion is preserved but the amplitude
decreases in
time, with the result that the motion ultimately ceases. Any
system that behaves in
this way is known as a damped oscillator.

7. Forced Oscillations

forced oscillator is a damped oscillator driven

by an external force that varies periodically

If an oscillator is subject to a sinusoidal driving

force , it exhibits resonance, in which the
amplitude is largest when the driving
frequency matches then natural frequency of
the oscillator.