The Cell Theory

Djumadi
Achmad

Discovery of the Cell

1665

Robert Hooke

Examined cork (plant tissue) using a

microscope
The little boxes he observed under
the microscope reminded him of the
small rooms where monks live, so he
named them cells

Robert Hooke

Discovery of the Cell

1673

Anton van
Leeuwenhoek
First

person to observe living

cells under a microscope

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Anton van Leuwenhoek

1673- Used a handmade microscope to

observe pond scum & discovered single-celled
organisms
He called them animalcules

He also observed blood cells from fish, birds,

frogs, dogs, and humans
Therefore, it was known that cells are found in
animals as well as plants

150-200 Year Gap???

Between the Hooke/Leuwenhoek

discoveries and the mid 19th century, very
little cell advancements were made.
This is probably due to the widely
accepted, traditional belief in Spontaneous
Generation.
Examples:
-Mice from dirty clothes/corn husks
-Maggots from rotting meat

Spontaneous
Generation?
Francesco

Redi

19th Century Advancement

Much doubt existed around Spontaneous

Generation
Conclusively disproved by Louis Pasteur
Pasteur: Ummm, I
dont think so!!!

=
+

Development of Cell
Theory
1838- German Botanist, Matthias
Schleiden, concluded that all plant parts
are made of cells
1839- German physiologist, Theodor
Schwann, who was a close friend of
Schleiden, stated that all animal tissues
are composed of cells.

Development of Cell
Theory

1858- Rudolf Virchow, German

physician, after extensive study of
cellular pathology, concluded that cells
must arise from preexisting cells.

The Cell Theory Complete

The 3 Basic Components of the Cell
Theory were now complete:
1. All organisms are composed of one or
more
cells. (Schleiden & Schwann)
(1838-39)
2. The cell is the basic unit of life in all living
things. (Schleiden & Schwann)(1838-39)
3. All cells are produced by the division of
preexisting cells. (Virchow)(1858)

Modern Cell Theory

Modern Cell Theory contains 4 statements, in

addition to the original Cell Theory:

The cell contains hereditary information(DNA) which

is passed on from cell to cell during cell division.
All cells are basically the same in chemical
composition and metabolic activities.
All basic chemical & physiological functions are
carried out inside the cells.(movement,
digestion,etc)
Cell activity depends on the activities of sub-cellular
structures within the cell(organelles, nucleus,
plasma membrane)

How Has The Cell Theory Been

Used?

The basic discovered truths about cells,

listed in the Cell Theory, are the basis
for things such as:

Disease/Health/Medical Research and

Cures(AIDS, Cancer, Vaccines, Cloning, Stem
Cell Research, etc.)

Some Parting Thoughts

It is amazing to think that the cells that

make up our bodies are just as alive as
we are. Humans are just an intricately
designed community of cells, which
must work together to survive.
Cells, in my opinion, are one of the
strongest cases for intelligent design by
our Creator God!

The Stages of the Cell

Cycle

Mitosis

M stage
Mitotic Stage

The nucleus and cytoplasm

split to make two new cells
known as DIPLOID cells

STAGES OF MITOSIS
Every dividing tissue cell in the body is always at a
stage of the cell cycle. Whether it is at :Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Diagram showing
the Stages of
Mitosis

Cytokinesis

Thus enabling the body

to continuously make
new body tissue for
growth and repair.

Prophase

The
Stages
of
Mitosis
Interphase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

INTERPHASE
After a cell has divided, the two
new cells begin the process again,
the cells at this stage are in
Interphase.

It is divided into three mini stages:Cell cycle

G1
S
G2

PROPHASE

The chromatin (unravelled DNA)

in the nucleus, condenses to
form pairs of chromosomes.

As this is happening the nucleolus

begins to break down

The centrioles move to opposite

ends of the nucleus.
Nuclear membrane begins to break down

METAPHASE

The spindle becomes

fully developed

The chromatid pairs

place themselves
onto individual fibres
and are aligned along
the centre of the
spindle
The nuclear membrane has completely gone

ANAPHASE
The chromatid pairs are
split into two
(This is done by
movement of the spindle
fibres)
The pairs then travel to
opposite ends of the
spindle
The halved chromatids are
now called chromosomes

TELOPHASE
Two new nuclei are formed when the
chromosomes reach the opposite
poles of the cell
The nuclear membrane is formed- the nucleolus
reappears
The chromosomes disperse in the nucleus

EARLY MICROSCOPES

Zacharias Janssen - made 1st

compound microscope
a Dutch maker of reading glasses (late
1500s)

Leeuwenhoek

made a simple microscope (mid 1600s)

magnified 270X
Early microscope lenses made images larger
but the image was not clear

MODERN MICROSCOPES

A microscope is simple or compound depending

on how many lenses it contains
A lens makes an enlarged image & directs light
towards you eye

COMPOUND MICROSCOPE

A compound microscope
has multiple lenses

(eyepiece & objective

lenses)

STEREOMICROSCOPE

creates a 3D image

ELECTRON MICROSCOPES
More powerful; some
can magnify up to
1,000,000X
Use a magnetic field in a
vacuum to bend beams
of electrons
Images must be
photographed or
produced electronically

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

Electron microscope image of a spider

produces realistic 3D image

only the surface of
specimen can be observed

Electron microscope image of a fly foot

Transmission Electron Microscope

(TEM)
produces 2D image of
thinly sliced specimen
detailed cell parts
(only inside a cell)
can be observed