Anil Bhardwaj

GOC 95 ID- 5028

Assistant Professor SECE
Shri Mata Vaishno Devi
University , Katra

Evolution of Human Beings

Evolution of Cars

Definition of Computers
A computer is a electro-mechanical device that
can be programmed to carry out a set of
arithmetic or logical operations automatically.

History of Computers - Long, Long Ago

beads on rods to count and calculate
still widely used in Asia!

History of Computers - Way Back When

Slide Rule 1630

based on Napiers rules for
logarithms
used until 1970s

Charles Babbage
English inventor
1791-1871
taught math at Cambridge
University
invented a viable mechanical
computer equivalent to
modern digital computers

Charles Babbage - 1792-1871

Difference Engine c.1822
huge calculator, never finished

Analytical Engine 1833

could store numbers
calculating mill used punched
metal cards for instructions
powered by steam!
accurate to six decimal places

1939: prototype of the first electronic computer

Assembled by John Atansoff and Cliford Barry.

John Atansoff came up with the concept of using
binary numbers.
Completed in 1942 using 300 vacuum tubes.
Could solve small systems of linear equations
Image from The History of Computing Project

UNIVAC - 1951
First fully electronic
digital computer built in
the U.S.
Created at the University
of Pennsylvania
ENIAC weighed 30 tons
contained 18,000
vacuum tubes
Cost a paltry $487,000

1944 Howard Aiken & Grace Hopper

Harvard Mark I Computer
The IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator
(ASCC) Computer was created by IBM for Harvard
University, which called it the Mark I. First universal
calculator.

1951 UNIVAC
25 feet by 50 feet in size
5,600 tubes,
18,000 crystal diodes
300 relays
Internal storage capacity
of 1,008 fifteen bit words
was achieved using 126
mercury delay lines

First commercial computer - Between 1951 and 1958, 47

UNIVAC I computers were delivered.

1964 The mouse and window concept

Douglas Engelbart
demonstrates the worlds first
mouse, nicknamed after the
tail.
SRI (Stanford
Research
Institute) received
a patent on the
mouse in 1970,
and licensed it to
apple for $40,000.

Apple Computers
Founded 1977
Apple II released 1977
widely used in schools

Macintosh (left)
released in 1984, Motorola 68000
Microchip processor
first commercial computer with
graphical user interface (GUI) and
pointing device (mouse)

IBM PC - 1981
IBM-Intel-Microsoft joint venture
First wide-selling personal
computer used in business
8088 Microchip - 29,000 transistors
4.77 Mhz processing speed

256 K RAM (Random Access

Memory) standard
One or two floppy disk drives

Present Computers

Four generations of computers

Vacuum tube (1939) Transistor (invented in 1947,
used in IBM 7090 in 1958)
Integrated circuit or chip (invented in 1959, used in
IBM 360 in 1964) A small wafer of silicon that has
been photographically imprinted to contain a large
number of transistors together.
Large-scale integration: microprocessor (1975)
Entire processing unit on a single chip of silicon

The Nanometer Size Scale

MOSFET

Carbon nanotube

Year Featur No. of

No. Name of The
Size
Transisto
processor
(um) rs
1
4004
197 10
2.3k
1
2
8008
197 10
3.5k
2
3
8080
197 6
6k
4
4
8086
197 3
29k
8
5
80286
198 1.5
134k
2
6
Intel386
198 1.5275k
5
1.0
7
Intel486
198 1-0.6 1.2M
9
8
Pentium
199 0.83.2-4.5M
3
0.35
9
PentiumIII
199 0.25- 9.5-28M
Courtesy : B.Tech: ECE 2010 Batch

Frequency of
Word
operation(MHz Size
)
0.75
4
0.5-0.8

5-10

16

6-12

16

16-25

32

25-100

32

60-300

32

450-1000

32

Future of Computers

Future of Computers

Future of Computers

Future of Computers