8free Fall Motion

2.
Motion Along A Straight Line

2.5 Freely Falling Bodies
• Most familiar example of motion with (nearly)
constant acceleration is that of a body falling
under the influence of the earth’s gravitational
attraction.
• To discuss this concept further, we use an
idealized model of which we neglect the effects of
the air, the earth’s rotation, and the decrease of
acceleration with increasing altitude. We call it
free fall.
• The constant acceleration of a freely falling body
is called the acceleration due to gravity and is
denoted by the letter g.
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

2. Motion Along A Straight Line
2.5 Freely Falling Bodies
• We use the approximate value of g at or near the
earth’s surface:
g = 9.8 m/s2 = 980 cm/s2 = 32 ft/s2
• Because g is the magnitude of a vector quantity, it

is always a positive number.
1.7 (Ballonist Drops Lemonade)
1.10 (Pole-Vaulter Lands)

Example 2.6 A freely-falling coin
A one-euro coin is
dropped from the
Leaning Tower of Pisa.
It starts from rest and
falls freely. Compute its
position and velocity
after 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 s.

Example 2.6 (SOLN)
Identify:
"Falls freely" means "has a constant acceleration due
to gravity," so we can use the constant-acceleration
equations to determine our target variables.
Set Up:
We take the origin O at the starting point, the
coordinate axis as vertical, and the upward direction
as positive. Because the coordinate axis is vertical,
let's call the coordinate y instead of x. We replace all
the x’s in the constant-acceleration equations by y’s.
The initial coordinate y0 and the initial velocity ν 0y are
both zero.
Example 2.6 (SOLN)
Set Up:
The acceleration is downward (in negative y-direction),
so ay = −g = −9.8 m/s2. (Remember that, by defn, g itself
is always positive.) Hence our target variables are the
values of y and ν y at the 3 given times. To find these,
we use Eqns. 2.12 and 2.8 with x replaced by y.
Execute:
At an arbitrary time t, the position and velocity are
1 2
2
1
(
y = υ0 yt + a yt = 0 + ( − g ) t 2 = − 4.9 m/s 2 t 2
2
)
( )
υy = υ0 y + a yt = 0 + ( − g ) t = − 9.81 m/s2 t
Example 2.6 (SOLN)
Execute:
When t = 1.0 s, y = (−4.9 m/s2)(1.0 s)2 = −4.9m and
ν y = (−9.8 m/s2)(1.0 s) = −9.8 m/s; after 1 s, the coin is
4.9 m below the origin (y is negative) and has a
downward velocity (ν y is negative) with magnitude
9.8 m/s. The position and velocity at 2.0 s and 3.0 s
are found in the same way.
Evaluate:
All our answers for ν y are negative because we chose
the positive y-axis to pt upward. But we could just as
well have chosen the positive y-axis to pt downward.
Example 2.6 (SOLN)
Evaluate:
In that case the acceleration would have been ay = +g
and all our answers for ν y would have been positive.
Either choice of axis is fine; just make sure that you
state your choice explicitly in your solution and confirm
that the acceleration has the correct sign.

Example 2.7 Up and down motion in free fall
You throw a ball vertically upward from the roof of a
tall building. The ball leaves your hand at a pt even
with the roof railing with an upward speed of 15.0 m/s;
the ball is then in free fall. On its way back down, it just
misses the railing. At the location of the building, g =
9.80 m/s2.
Find (a) the position and velocity of the ball 1.00 s and
4.00 s after leaving your hand; (b) the velocity when
the ball is 5.00 m above the railing; (c) the maximum
height reached and the time at which it is reached; and
(d) the acceleration of the ball when it is at its
maximum height.
Example 2.7 (SOLN)
Identify:
The words "free fall" in the statement of the problem
mean that the acceleration is constant and due to
gravity. Our target variables are position [in parts (a)
and (c)], velocity [in parts (a) and (b)], and acceleration
[in part (d)].
Set Up:
In the figure, the downward path is displaced a little to
the right of its actual position for clarity. Take the origin
at the roof railing, at the pt where the ball leaves your
hand, and take the positive direction to be upward.

Example 2.7 (SOLN)
Set Up:
First, let's collect our data. The initial position y0 is
zero. The initial velocity ν 0y is +15.0 m/s, and the
acceleration is ay = −g = −9.80 m/s2. We'll again use
Eqns. 2.12 and 2.8 to find the position and velocity,
respectively, as functions of time. In part (b) we're
asked to find the velocity at a certain position rather
than at a certain time, so it will also be convenient to
use Eqn. (2.13) for that part.

Example 2.7 (SOLN)
Execute:
The position y and velocity ν y at any time t after the
ball leaves your hand are given by Eqns. 2.12 and 2.8
with x's replaced by y's, so
1 2 1
y = y0 + υ0 yt + a yt = y0 + υ0 yt + ( − g ) t 2
2 2
( )
= ( 0 ) + (15.0 m/s ) t + − 4.9 m/s2 t 2
υ y = υ0 y + a y t = υ0 y + ( − g ) t
= 15.0 m/s + − 9.80 m/s 2 t ( )
When t = 1.00 s, these equations give
y = +10.0 m υ y = +5.2 m/s
Example 2.7 (SOLN)
Execute:
The ball is 10.1 m above the origin (y is positive), and
it is moving upward (ν y is positive) with a speed of 5.2
m/s. This is less than the initial speed of 15.0 m/s, as
expected. When t = 4.00 s, the equations for y and ν y
as functions of time t give
y = −18.4 m υ y = −24.2 m/s
The ball has passed its highest pt and is 18.4 m below
the origin (y is negative). It has a downward velocity
(ν y is negative) with magnitude 24.2 m/s. This speed
is greater than the initial speed, as we should expect
for pts below the ball's launching point.
Example 2.7 (SOLN)
Execute:
(a) Note that to get these results, we don't need to find
the highest pt reached or the time at which it was
reached. The eqns of motion give the position and
velocity at any time, whether the ball is on the way up
or on the way down.
(b) The velocity ν y at any position y is given by Eqn.
2.13 with x's replaced by y's:
υ y 2 = υ0 y 2 + 2a y ( y − y0 ) = υ0 y 2 + 2( − g )( y − 0 )
(
= (15.0 m/s ) + 2 − 9.80 m/s 2 y
2
)
Example 2.7 (SOLN)
Execute:
(a) When the ball is 5.00 m above the origin,
y = +5.00 m, so
( )
υ y 2 = (15.0 m/s ) 2 + 2 − 9.80 m/s 2 ( 5.00 m ) = 127 m 2 /s 2
υ y = ±11.3 m/s
We get two values of ν y: 1 positive and 1
negative. As shown in figure, the ball
passes this pt twice, once on the way
up and again on the way down. The
velocity on the way up is +11.3 m/s,
and on the way down it is −11.3 m/s.
Example 2.7 (SOLN)
Execute:
(c) At the highest pt, the ball stops going up (positive
ν y) and starts going down (negative ν y). At the instant
when it reaches the highest pt, ν y = 0. The maximum
height y1 can then be found in 2 ways. The first is to
use Eqn. 2.13 and substitute ν y = 0, y0 = 0, and ay =
-g: 0 = υ0 y + 2( − g )( y1 − 0 )
2
υ0 y 2 (15.0 m/s ) 2
y1 = = = +11.5 m
2g (
2 9.80 m/s)2

Example 2.7 (SOLN)
Execute:
(c) The second way is find the time at which ν = 0
using Eqn. 2.8, ν y = ν 0y + ayt, and then substitute this
value of t into Eqn. 2.12 to find the position at this time.
From Eqn. 2.8, the time t1 when the ball reaches the
highest point is given by
υ y = 0 = υ0 y + ( − g ) t1
υ0 y 15.0 m/s
t1 = = = 1 . 53 s
g 9.80 m/s2

Example 2.7 (SOLN)
Execute:
(c) Substituting this value of t into Eq. (2.12), we find
1 2
y = y0 + υ0 yt + a yt = ( 0 ) + (15 m/s )(1.53 s )
2
1
(
+ − 9.8 m/s (1.53 s ) = +11.5 m
2
2 2
)
Notice that with the first way of finding the maximum
height, it's not necessary to find the time first.
(d) CAUTION: It's a common misconception that at the
highest pt of the motion the velocity is zero and the
acceleration is zero. If this were so, once the ball
reached the highest point it would hang there in mid-
air forever!
Example 2.7 (SOLN)
Execute:
(d) To see why, remember that acceleration is the rate
of change of velocity. If the acceleration were zero at
the highest point, the ball's velocity would no longer
change, and once the ball was instantaneously at rest
it would remain at rest forever. The truth of the matter
is that at the highest point, the acceleration is still ay =
−g = −9.80 m/s2, the same value as when the ball is
moving up and when it's moving down. The ball stops
for an instant at the highest pt, but its velocity is
continuously changing, from positive values through
zero to negative values.
Example 2.7 (SOLN)
Evaluate:
A useful way to check any motion problem is to draw
the graphs of position versus time and velocity versus
time. Figure shows these graphs for the situation in
this problem. Note that
the ν y-t graph has a
constant negative slope.
This means that the
acceleration is negative
(downward) on the way
up, at the highest pt,
and on the way down.
Example 2.8 Two solutions or one?
Find the time when the ball in Example 2.7 is 5.00 m
below the roof railing.
Solution:
Identify and Set Up:
We again choose the y-axis, so y0, ν 0y, and ay = −g
have the same values as in Example 2.7. The position
y as a function of time t is again given by Eqn 2.12:
1 2 1
y = y0 + υ0 y t + a y t = y0 + υ0 y t + ( − g ) t 2
2 2
We want to solve this for the value of t when
y = −5.00 m. Since this equation involves t2, it is a
quadratic equation for t.
Example 2.8 (SOLN)
Execute:
We first rearrange our equation into the same form as
the standard quadratic equation for an unknown x,
Ax2 + Bx + C = 0:
( g ) t 2 + ( − υ0 y )t + ( y − y0 ) = At 2 + Bt + C = 0
1
2
so A = g/2, B = −ν 0y and C = y – y0. Using the quadratic
formula (Appendix B), we find that this eqn has two
solutions:

Example 2.8 (SOLN)
Execute: − B ± B 2 − 4 AC
t=
2A
− ( − υ0 y ) ± ( − υ0 y ) 2 − 4( g / 2)( y − y0 )
=
2( g / 2 )
υ0 y ± υ0 y − 2 g ( y − y0 )
2
t=
g
Substituting the values y0 = 0, ν 0y = +15.0 m/s, g =
9.80 m/s2, and y = −5.00 m, we find

Example 2.8 (SOLN)
Execute:
Substituting the values y0 = 0, ν 0y = +15.0 m/s, g =
9.80 m/s2, and y = −5.00 m, we find
(15.0 m/s ) ± (15.0 m/s ) − 2(9.80 m/s2 )( − 5.00 m − 0)
2
t=
9.80 m/s 2
t = +3.36 s or t = −0.30 s
Which is the right answer? The key qn to ask is, "Are
these answers reasonable?" The 2nd answer,
t = −0.30 s, is not; it refers to a time 0.30 s before the
ball left your hand! The correct answer is t = +3.36 s.
The ball is 5.00 m below the railing 3.36 s after it
leaves your hand.
Example 2.8 (SOLN)
Evaluate:
Where did the erroneous "solution" t = −0.30 s come
from? Remember that we began with Eqn. 2.12 with
ay = −g, that is, y = y0 + ν 0y t + 0.5(−g)t2. This eqn has
built into it the assumption that acceleration is constant
for all values of t, whether positive, negative, or zero.
Taken at face value, this eqn would tell us that the ball
had been moving upward in free fall ever since the
dawn of time; it eventually passes your hand at y = 0
at the special instant we chose to call t = 0, then
continues in free fall.

Example 2.8 (SOLN)
Evaluate:
But anything that this equation describes happening
before t = 0 is pure fiction, since the ball went into free
fall only after leaving your hand at t = 0; the "solution"
t = −0.30 s is part of this fiction. You should repeat
these calculations to find the times at which the ball is
5.00 m above the origin (y = +5.00 m). The two
answers are t = +0.38 s and t = +2.68 s; these are
both positive values of t, and both refer to the real
motion of the ball after leaving your hand. The earlier
time is when the ball passes through y = +5.00 m
moving upward, and the later time is when the ball
passes through this point moving downward.
Example 2.8 (SOLN)
Evaluate:
You should also solve for the times at which
y = +15.0 m. In this case, both solutions involve the
square root of a negative number, so there are no real
solutions. This makes sense; we found in part (c) of
Example 2.7 that the ball's maximum height is only
y = +11.5 m, so it never reaches y = +15.0 m. While a
quadratic equation such as Eqn. 2.12 always has 2
solutions, in some situations one or both of the
solutions will not be physically reasonable.

*2.6 Velocity and Position by Integration
• In many physical situations, position and velocity
are not known as functions of time, while
acceleration is.
• How can we find the position and velocity from the
acceleration function ax(t)?
• First, we consider the graphical approach.
• Graph shows a body whose
acceleration is not constant
but increases with time.

• Divide time interval into many smaller intervals,
each is ∆ t.
• Total velocity change is represented graphically by
total area under the ax-t curve between vertical lines
t1 and t2.
• As ∆ t approaches a limiting value, area under the
ax-t curve is the integral of ax.
• Then, υ2 x
υ2 x − υ1x = ∫ dυ x
υ1x
t2
= ∫ a x dt ( 2.15)
t1
• Then, υ2 x t2
υ2 x − υ1x = ∫ dυ x = ∫ ax dt ( 2.15)
υ1x t1
• We can carry out same procedure with curve of
velocity vs. time, where ν x is a general function of
t.
• Thus we get, x2 t2
x2 − x1 = ∫ d x = ∫ υ x dt ( 2.16)
x1 t1

• If t1 = 0 and t2 is any later time t, and if x0 and ν 0x
are the position and velocity, at time t = 0, then
rewriting Eqns 2.15 and 2.16 as follows:
t
υ x = υ0 x + ∫ a x dt ( 2.17 )
0
t
x = x0 + ∫ υ x dt ( 2.18)
0

Concepts Summary
• When a particle moves along a straight line, we
describe its position with respect to an origin ) by
means of a coordinate such as x.
• The particle’s average velocity ν av-x during a time
interval ∆ t = t2 − t1 is equal to its displacement
∆ x = x2 − x1 divided by t.
• Instantaneous velocity ν x at any time t is equal to
the average velocity for the time interval from ∆ t
to t + ∆ t in the limit that ∆ t goes to zero.
• Equivalently, ν x is the derivative of the position
function with respect to time.
Concepts Summary
• The average acceleration aav-x during a time interval
∆ t is equal to the change in velocity
∆ ν = ν 2x − ν 1x during that time interval divided by
∆ t.
• The instantaneous acceleration ax is the limit of aav-x
as ∆ t goes to zero, or the derivative of ν x with
respect to t.
• When acceleration is constant, four equations
relate the position x and velocity ν x at any time t to
the initial position x0, the initial velocity ν 1x (both
measured at time t = 0) and the acceleration ax.
Concepts Summary
• Free fall is a case of motion with constant
acceleration. The magnitude of the acceleration
due to gravity is a positive quantity, g.
• The acceleration of a body in free fall is always
downward.

Key Equations
x2 − x1 ∆x
υav − x = = ( 2 .2 )
t2 − t1 ∆t
∆x dx
υ x = lim = (2.3)
∆t →0 ∆t dt
υ2 x − υ1x ∆vx
aav − x = = ( 2 .4 )
t2 − t1 ∆t
∆vx dvx
a x = lim = (2.5)
∆t →0 ∆t dt

Key Equations
υ x = v0 x + a xt (2.8)
1 2
x = x0 + υ0 xt + a xt ( 2.12)
2
υ x 2 = υ0 x 2 + 2a x ( x − x0 ) (2.13)
 υ0 x + υ x 
x − x0 =  t (2.14)
 2 
t
υ x = υ0 x + ∫ ax dt ( 2.17 )
0
t
x = x0 + ∫ υ x dt ( 2.18)
0

8free Fall Motion

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8free Fall Motion

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2.

Motion Along A Straight Line

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

• Because g is the magnitude of a vector quantity, it

1.10 (Pole-Vaulter Lands)

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

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