ME 259

Heat Transfer
Lecture Slides I
Dr. Gregory A. Kallio
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,
Mechatronic Engineering &
Manufacturing Technology
California State University, Chico

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Introduction
Reading: Incropera & DeWitt
Chapter 1

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Heat Transfer as a Course

Has a reputation for being one of the

most challenging courses in ME
Why??
Physically diverse: thermodynamics,
material science, diffusion theory, fluid
mechanics, radiation theory
Higher-level math: vector calculus, ODEs,
PDEs, numerical methods
Physically elusive: heat is invisible;
developing intuition takes time
Appropriate assumptions: required to
simplify and solve most problems
However, Heat Transfer is interesting, fun,
and readily applicable to the real world

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Relevance of Heat Transfer

Electric Power Generation

Alternate Energy Systems
Combustion/Propulsion Systems
Building Design
Heating & Cooling Systems
Domestic Appliances
Materials/Food Processing
Electronics Cooling & Packaging
Cryogenics
Environmental Processes
Space Vehicle Systems

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Definition of Heat Transfer

Flow of energy due solely to a temperature

difference
all other forms of energy transfer are
categorized as work
from 2nd Law of Thermodynamics, heat
flows in direction of decreasing temperature
heat energy can be transported through a
solid, liquid, gas, or vacuum

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Heat Quantities
Quantity

Text Notation

SI Unit

English Unit

heat
(heat transfer)

Joule (J)

Btu

heat rate
(heat transfer rate)
(heat energy rate)
(rate of heat flow)

Watt (W)

Btu/hr

heat flux
(heat rate per unit area)

W/m2

Btu/hr-ft2

heat rate per unit length

W/m

Btu/hr-ft

volumetric heat generation q

(rate of heat production per
unit volume)

W/m3

Btu/hr-ft3

Conversions:

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1 Btu = 1054 J
1 kcal = 4184 J

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Relationship Between the Study of

Heat Transfer & Thermodynamics

1st Law of Thermodynamics for Closed

System:

Q W Esys

Thermodynamics - allows calculation of total

heat transferred (Q) during a process in which
system goes from one equilibrium state to
another (i.e., the big picture)
Heat Transfer - provides important physical
laws that allow calculation of instantaneous
heat rate, length of time required for process to
occur, and temperature distribution within
material at any time (i.e., the details required
for design)

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Heat Transfer Modes

Conduction
transfer of heat due to random molecular or
atomic motion within a material (aka
diffusion)
most important in solids
Convection
transfer of heat between a solid surface and
fluid due to combined mechanisms of a)
diffusion at surface; b) bulk fluid flow within
boundary layer
Radiation
transfer of heat due to emission of
electromagnetic waves, usually between
surfaces separated by a gas or vacuum

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Heat Transfer Modes - Conduction

Rate equation (Fourier & Biot, 1820) is known

as Fouriers law; for 1-D conduction,

dT
qx kA
dx

or

dT
qx k
dx

where qx = heat rate in x-direction (W)

qx = heat flux in x-direction (W/m2)
T = temperature (C or K)
A = area normal to heat flow (m2)
k = thermal conductivity of material
(W/m-K); see Tables A.1-A.7

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Heat Transfer Modes - Conduction

Steady-state heat conduction through a plane

wall:
T1

T2

L
q (T1>T2)

dT
qx constant k
dx
dT
if k constant, then
constant
dx
dT T2 T1
T1 T2

, qx k
dx
L
L
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Heat Transfer Modes - Conduction

Example: What thickness of plate glass would

yield the same heat flux as 3.5 of glass-fiber
insulation with the same S-S temperature
difference (T1-T2) ?

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Heat Transfer Modes - Conduction

Insulation R-value:

" R - value"

L ft
Btu
hr - ft - F

where 1 W/m-K = 0.578 Btu/hr-ft-F

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Heat Transfer Modes - Convection

Rate equation (Newton, 1700) is known as

Newtons law of cooling:

q h (Ts T )
Fluid flow, T

or

q hAs (Ts T )

q
Ts (>T)

As

where q = heat flux normal to surface

q = heat rate from or to surface As
Ts = surface temperature
T = freestream fluid temperature
As = surface area exposed to fluid
h = convection heat transfer coefficient
(W/m2-K)

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Heat Transfer Modes - Convection

The convection heat transfer coefficient (h)

is not a material property
is a complicated function of the many
parameters that influence convection such
as fluid velocity, fluid properties, and
surface geometry
is often determined by experiment rather
than theory
will be given in most HW problems until we
reach Chapter 6

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Heat Transfer Modes - Convection

Types of Convection
Forced convection: flow caused by an
external source such as a fan, pump, or
atmospheric wind
Free (or natural) convection: flow induced
by buoyancy forces such as that from a
heated plate
Phase change convection: flow and latent
heat exchange associated with boiling or
condensation

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Heat Transfer Modes - Radiation

Rate equation is the Stefan-Boltzmann law which gives

the energy flux due to thermal radiation that is emitted
from a surface; for a black body:

Eb Ts4

For non-black bodies,

E Ts4

where E = emissive power (W/m2)

= Stefan-Boltzmann constant
= 5.67x10-8 W/m2-K4
= emissivity (0< <1) of surface
Ts = surface temperature in absolute
units (K)

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Heat Transfer Modes - Radiation

Radiation incident upon an object may be

reflected, transmitted, or absorbed:
G

G
G
G

where
G = irradiation (incident radiation)
= reflectivity (fraction of G that is reflected)
= transmissivity (fraction of G that is transmitted
= absorptivity (fraction of G that is absorbed)
= emissivity (fraction of black body emission)

E and the interaction of G with each

participating object determines the net heat
transfer between objects
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Heat Transfer Modes - Radiation

Heat transfer between a small object and larger

surroundings (As<<Asur):

4
q" (Ts4 Tsur
) or

4
q As (Ts4 Tsur
)

Tsur
q
, As

Ts

where = emissivity of small object

As = surface area of small object
Ts = surface temperature of small
object (K)
Tsur = temperature of surroundings (K)

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Conservation of Energy Control

Volume

Control volume energy balance:

Q

mass out

mass in

from thermodynamics:

i ui Pi vi Vi2 / 2 gzi
Q W m
i

m
u

P
v

V
e e e e e / 2 gze
e

dEcv
dt

Incropera & DeWitt text notation:

E in E out E g E st
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Conservation of Energy Control

Volume

Energy rates:
E in all heat and work rates entering CV
E out all heat and work rates exiting CV
E rate of energy generation within CV
g

E st rate of energy storage within CV

where:
E c V dT for ideal gases and
st
v
dt
incompressible substances
E st 0 if steady - state conditions exist

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Conservation of Energy Control

Surface

Surface energy balance:

Eout

Ein

since a control surface is a special control

volume that contains no volume, energy
generation and storage terms are zero; this
leaves:

E in E out 0

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Summary: The Laws Governing

Heat Transfer

Fundamental Laws
Conservation of mass
Conservation of momentum
Conservation of energy
Heat Rate Laws
Fouriers law of heat conduction
Newtons law of convection
Stefan-Boltzmann law for radiation
Supplementary Laws
Second law of thermodynamics
Equations of state:
ideal gas law
tabulated thermodynamic properties
caloric equation (definition of specific heat)

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Objectives of a Heat Transfer

Calculation

ANALYSIS
Calculate T(x,y,z,t) or q for a system
undergoing a specified process
e.g., calculate daily heat loss from a house
e.g., calculate operating temperature of a
semiconductor chip with heat sink/fan

DESIGN
Determine a configuration and operating
conditions that yield a specified T(x,y,z,t) or q
e.g., determine insulation needed to meet a
specified daily heat loss from a house
e.g., determine heat sink and/or fan needed to keep
operating temperature of a semiconductor chip
below a specified value

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Classes of Heat Transfer Problems

Thermal Barriers
insulation
radiation shields
Heat Transfer Enhancement (heat
exchangers)
boilers, evaporators, condensers, etc.
solar collectors
finned surfaces
Temperature Control
cooling of electronic components
heat treating & quenching of metals
minimizing thermal stress
heating appliances (toaster, oven, etc.)

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