Learning Outcomes

By the end of this lecture, students will be able

to:
Recognize different types of structural steel
frames
Recognize mechanical and geometrical
properties of steel elements
Identify structural elements and its function
Identify advantages of steel structures

INTRODUCTION
Framed structures
E.g. buildings and bridges
Multistory buildings
Consists of beams and column, either rigidly or with
simple connection
With diagonal bracing to provide stability

Industrial building
Long span truss, lattice girder
Column-free structure
Bridges

Beams and plate girder or trusses

Steel frame house

Industrial building

High-rise building

Steel stadium

Steel structures in
Malaysia

Steel structures in
Malaysia

Material Properties of Steel

Steel is an alloy of Iron, Carbon (<2%), and

Manganese (<1%). It also contains small amounts of
Phosphorous, Silicon, Sulfur and Oxygen
Carbon Steel - these chemical elements are controlled
to provide consistent quality and grade of steel
Carbon content greatly affects the properties of steel:

More Carbon increases : strength, hardness,

corrosion-resistance

More Carbon decreases : malleability, ductility, and

weldability

The amount of Carbon does NOT affect the

Modulus of Elasticity (E) of the Steel

Stress-strain curve

Ultimate tensile
strength
Yield strength

Yield Strength and Ultimate Tensile

Strength

Steel section
Hot rolled - heated up and pushed through

rollers that squeeze the metal into a particular

profile, depending on the shape of the rollers.
Cold formed - are created by the working of
sheet steel using stamping, rolling, or presses
to deform the sheet into a profile
Built-up form a shape by welding together
different hot-rolled sections

Steel sections

Steel Section
Built-up section

STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Multi-storey frame

 Truss and lattice girder

Bracing

Steel Connections | Overview

Connections are the glue that

holds a steel structure together.

Historically, most major structural

failures have been due to some form
of connection failure.

Connections depend on:

Type of loading
Strength and stiffness
Economy
Difficulty or ease of
erection

Steel connections have a direct

influence on the cost of the framing
system.

While a connection may be efficient in

the use of material, it may still be very
expensive to erect.

Repetitive connection design may save

costs.

Steel Connections | Bolted Connections

Bolting is the preferred method of
connecting members on the site.
Staggered bolt layout allows easier
access for tightening with a pneumatic
wrench when a connection is all
bolted .

High strength bolts may be snugtightened or slip-critical.

Snug-tightened connections are referred

to as bearing connections

Bolts in a slip-critical connection act like

clamps holding the plies of the material
together.

Steel Connections | Bolted Connections

Steel Connections | Bolted Connections

Steel Connections | Welded Connections

Due to high costs of labor, extensive field
-welding is the most expensive component in
a steel frame.

Welding should be performed on bare

metal.

Shop welding is preferred over field

welding.

The weld material should have a higher

strength than the pieces being connected.

BCE Place Galleria

Toronto . Canada
Santiago Calatrava10

Welding Terminology

Fillet

Plug

Full penetration Partial penetration

single bevel butt single bevel butt
weld
weld

Full penetration
double vee butt
weld

Partial penetration
single J butt weld

Weld types define the configuration of the weld and its underlying design
approach

Fillet welds and butt welds are most common

Butt welds fall into two categories

Full penetration the entire member cross-section is welded

Partial penetration just part of the member cross-section is welded

Welding Cost Considerations

Fillet weld is less expensive than butt weld

No special preparation

No backing required

Less volume of weld

Partial penetration groove weld is less expensive than full

penetration groove weld

Labor represents the majority of the cost associated with welding

Steel Connections | Welding vs. Bolting

WELDING

BOLTING

Advantages:

Advantages:

Eliminates need for punching

or drilling.

Easy method of connecting

members on the site.

Simplifies complicated joints.

Field-bolting is cheaper than

field-welding.

Disadvantages:
Greater level of skill required
for welding than bolting
More expensive than bolting.
Weld inspection is required
and is expensive.

Disadvantages:
Requires drilling or punching
through all plies.

Structural Elements
Beams and girders members carrying lateral loads in

bending and shear

Ties members carrying axial loads in tension
Struts, column and stanchions members carrying axial
loads in compressions. These members are often subjected to
bending as well as compression
Trusses and lattice girders framed members varying
lateral loads. These a re composed of struts and ties
Purlins beam members carrying roof sheeting
Sheeting rails bema members supporting wall cladding
Bracing diagonal struts and ties that, with columns and roof
trusses, form vertical and horizontal trusses to resist wind loads
and stabilize the building
Joints connect members together such as the joints in trusses,
beam-to-beam joints and beam-to-column joints.
Bases transmit the loads from the columns to the foundations.

STEELWORK COSTS
Steelwork construction can be affected by decisions regarding the

precise form of element, type of steel used and the method of

connection.
For large projects, steel can be purchased directly from the mill in
the exact lengths required and in the desired grade. The price of
individual structural products varies not only with type (hollow
sections are generally more expensive than open sections such as Ibeams and H-columns) but also within a product range.
Small orders is purchased from stockholders. In this case the steel is
only available in a limited range of grades, (probably only mild
steel). In addition certain sizes of standard section may not be
stocked and the sections will only be available in a limited range of
lengths.
Where higher grades of steel are available they may offer the
opportunity for improved efficiency. For instance, high yield steel
has a yield strength approximately 25% higher than normal mild
steel yet costs only about 10% more.

Advantages of Steel
Speed of execution

Advantages of Steel

Edge trims are available to level

concrete and prevent over-run
Metal decking ready to be laid by hand
The shear studs which provide the key
between beam, deck and concrete can be
placed by a single operative at 1000 per
day

Advantages of Steel
Concrete being placed by pumping

Services are easily fixed to the

underside of the decking

Advantages of Steel
Prefabricated stairs can be transported by
crane and placed in position to give rapid and
safe access for construction workers

Cladding units - pre-cast granite faced or

curtain walling -can be lifted straight from
the lorry and into position to avoid site
storage

Advantages of Steel

Lightness, Stiffness and Strength

Steel structures are generally lighter than other materials. In

almost all cases this lower weight leads to lower costs for
foundations particularly for sites with poor ground.
Smaller columns increase effective floor utilisation and, where
longer spans are required, the cost savings between steel and
other forms of construction increase considerably. For large
column grids in buildings, steel is the only feasible solution.

Advantages of Steel

Long span floor systems for office buildings

Advantages of Steel
Adaptability of Usage of Steel Frames for

Refurbishment
Structural steel provides maximum adaptability

for changes in building use, because structural

alterations can be accommodated with relative
ease. Where additional members are required,
connections can be made to the existing frame
with minimum disturbance and cost.

Advantages of Steel
Quality
A steel frame is a factory made, precise

product, produced by a stable, well-trained

workforce.
Only the erection of pre-fabricated members is
left for the site - a process which is easily
controlled.

THANK
YOU