Lecture 1 of BIOTECHNOLOGY
Definition
Ancient Biotechnology
Classical Biotechnology
Foundations of Modern Biotechnology
What is Biotechnology?
Some Ideas?
Some examples?
WHAT IS BIOTECHNOLOGY?
The use of living organisms
or their products
to enhance our lives and our
environment
WHAT IS BIOTECHNOLOGY ?
Biotechnology
Ancient
Classical
Modern
NEED + KNOWLEDGE
=> TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES
Ancient Biotechnology
* Domestication and Agriculture
* Ancient Plant Germplasm
* History of Fermented Foods and Beverages
(the beginning of Classical Biotechnology)
Domestication
Nomadic lifestyle of prehistoric peoples
- gather food and hunt animals they abandoned their
nomadic ways and started to domesticate plants and
animals
-archaeological findings ancient farming sites
New World, the Far East, and Europe
at the same time
Domestication
9000 BC - First evidence of plant domestication in hills
above Tigris River
5000 BC - Agricultural communities exist in Mesopotamia
2000 BC - The Babylonians and Egyptians left pictorial evidence
that dogs, sheep, and cattle had been domesticated
Stores house plant material such as seeds, plant cuttings, and tubers.
- storage is either short-, intermediate, and long-term
Ex. Seeds in intermediate-term storage are kept at -5 - 0 oC
Dried seeds are stored in sealed containers at - 20 oC
- long-term to last over 100 years
- Periodic germination and viability tests are performed
Tissues are now also kept in tissue culture
- individual cells capable of regenerating new platelets.
SGRP
Systemwide
Genetic
Resource
Programme
CGIAR
Ancient Biotechnology
FERMENTATION
4000 BC - Egyptians used yeast in wine and bread
making
2000 BC - Chinese develop fermentation
Fermented Foods
Once people settled in villages, the development of new foods
was possible - accidental discovery!
* food contamination often destroys the food reserve
* in some cases the microbial activity
enhances the flavor and texture
kimchi - sauerkraut - yoghurt - cheese
FERMENTATION - (lat.) fervere => to boil
addition of yeast to fruit juice
=> wine
yeast to malt and grain => beer
aroma of bread baking => alcohol produced
bread rises => because of trapped CO2
CO2
Classical Biotechnology
Knowledge drives technology
scientific and applied knowledge
practical experience
* From mid-nineteenth century
knowledge of cell processes
- refined fermentation technology
Brewers began producing alcohol on a large scale in the early 1700s
Classical Biotechnology
1822-1895
Classical Biotechnology
*Sir Alexander Fleming
* Nobel prize 1945
1881 - 1995
Classical Biotechnology
- Penicillin was produced by the fermentation of cultured Penicillium.
Classical Biotechnology
- biochemical transformations
Conversion of Cholesterol to steroids such as cortisone and sex hormones
chemical synthesis of cortisone requires
about 31 steps - low yield
in 1955 Upjohn researchers realized that Rhizopus arrhizus
is capable of converting inexpensive plant sterols into cortisone
synthetic compound
$ 200 / gram
biotransformation
$
6 / gram
Classical Biotechnology
Classical Biotechnology
Classical Biotechnology
Classical Biotechnology
Classical Biotechnology
Classical
Biotechnology
Garrod was studying the human disorder ALKAPTONURIA
[turns the urine dark when exposed to oxygen]
He collected family history information (as well as urine) from his patients.
Based on discussions with Mendel, Garrod deduced that alkaptonuria is a recessive disorder.
In 1902, Garrod published a book called The Incidence of Alkaptonuria: a Study in Chemical
Individuality. This is the first published account of a case of recessive inheritance in humans.
Garrod was also the first to propose the idea that diseases were "inborn errors of metabolism."
He believed that diseases were the result of missing or false steps in the body's chemical
pathways. In 1923, his studies on alkaptonuria, and albinism were published as a book:
Inborn Errors of Metabolism.
Garrod attributed a biochemical role to genes, and laid the
groundwork for the next wave of discovery -- the molecular basis of inheritance.
Classical Biotechnology
FRUIT FLY
For his Ph.D. thesis, Sturtevant published the world's first genetic
map based on the idea that GENES ARE LINKED IN A SERIES.
The single, mutant white-eyed fly was crossed with
normal red-eyed flies =>
produced normal offspring (F1 generation)
F1 flies were crossed and more white-eyed flies were
produced. This result from this crossing experiment was
expected as Mendel found a similar pattern in peas.
Classical Biotechnology
Classical Biotechnology
pathogenic
Classical Biotechnology
1944 -
Classical Biotechnology
Classical Biotechnology
Classical Biotechnology
Classical Biotechnology
Herbert Boyer
Restriction enzymes
BACTERIUM
Plasmids
Chromosomal DNA
Classical Biotechnology
Classical Biotechnology
Classical Biotechnology
Kary B. Mullis
1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
http://www.karymullis.com/
DNASequencing.3gp
Classical Biotechnology
Biotechnology is multidisciplinary
involving a variety of natural and applied sciences
cell and molecular biology
microbiology
genetics
physiology
chemistry and biochemistry
engineering
computer science / bioinformatics
nanotechnology