DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS
OF FLUID FLOW
Copyright 2014 McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). Permission required for reproduction or display.
Objectives
Understand how the differential equation of
conservation of mass and the differential linear
momentum equation are derived and applied
Calculate the stream function and pressure field,
and plot streamlines for a known velocity field
Obtain analytical solutions of the equations of
motion for simple flow fields
91 INTRODUCTION
The control volume technique is useful when
we are interested in the overall features of a
flow, such as mass flow rate into and out of the
control volume or net forces applied to bodies.
Differential analysis, on the other hand,
involves application of differential equations of
fluid motion to any and every point in the flow
field over a region called the flow domain.
Boundary conditions for the variables must
be specified at all boundaries of the flow
domain, including inlets, outlets, and walls.
If the flow is unsteady, we must march our
solution along in time as the flow field changes.
92 CONSERVATION OF MASSTHE
CONTINUITY EQUATION
Derivation Using an
Infinitesimal Control Volume
At locations away from the center of the
box, we use a Taylor series expansion
about the center of the box.
The divergence
operation in Cartesian
and cylindrical
coordinates.
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Velocity components and unit vectors in cylindrical coordinates: (a) twodimensional flow in the xy- or r-plane, (b) three-dimensional flow.
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Special Case 2:
Incompressible
Flow
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Streamlines and velocity profiles for (a) a line vortex flow and
(b) a spiraling line vortex/sink flow.
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Sketch illustrating the surface forces acting in the xdirection due to the appropriate stress tensor component
on each face of the differential control volume; the red
dots indicate the center of each face.
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An alternative
form for the first
two viscous
terms in the rand components of
the Navier
Stokes equation.
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96 DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS
OF FLUID FLOW PROBLEMS
There are two types of problems for which the differential equations (continuity
and NavierStokes) are useful:
Calculating the pressure field for a known velocity field
Calculating both the velocity and pressure fields for a flow of known geometry
and known boundary conditions
A general three-dimensional
but incompressible flow field
with constant properties
requires four equations to
solve for four unknowns.
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Streamlines and
velocity profiles for
a line vortex.
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Boundary Conditions
Geometry of Example 9
15: viscous flow between
two infinite plates; upper
plate moving and lower
plate stationary.
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Stresses acting on a
differential twodimensional rectangular
fluid element whose
bottom face is in contact
with the bottom plate of
Example 915.
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