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TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

LECTURE 21
RAILWAY STATIONS

Types of Railway Stations


Station Yards
Platforms
Railways Gauges in Pakistan
Lecturer: Atif Bilal Aslam

Department of City & Regional Planning


University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore
May 23, 2009

Types of Railway Stations

Railway Stations have been classified as


follows:

Wayside Railway Stations


Junction Stations
Terminal Stations

WAYSIDE RAILWAY STATIONS


On these stations, trains can move only in
two directions, on upside or downside.
These are situated on running lines at
some suitable places.
Wayside stations are of the following
types:

Halts,
Flag Stations, and
Crossing Stations

Halts

This is a simple type of stopping place,


having no building or staff.
Halts have usually only one platform with a
name board at either side.
At halt, some trains stop to enable
passengers to entrain and detrain.
One of the main disadvantages of halts is
that a large number of passengers entrain
without tickets.

Flag Stations

These are next after Halts, having


buildings and staff.
The movement of trains is controlled by
showing flags.
Flag stations have one way siding or
sidings in form of loop.
These sidings are used for loading/
unloading of goods (loading ramps are
provided) and attachment/ detachment of
cars/ wagons.

Crossing Stations

Crossing stations may have two or three


lines with loops, so that when one train is
standing on loop, the other train in same
direction, which has not to stop at this
section, can cross it.
The loops may or may not have dead end
sidings.
Platforms are provided for upside or
downside trains both either in front of
each other or in staggered form.

JUNCTION STATIONS

These are stations where lines from three


or more directions meet.
Facilities and trains scheduling is arranged
in such a away that passengers from one
train may change into another with the
minimum detention at the station.
In the simple type of junction station, one
branch line meets the main line at station.

JUNCTION STATIONS

At least three running lines with equal


number of platforms are required so that all
the passenger trains coming from the three
directions may stop at the same time.
Junction stations should have goods
sidings, engine shed, turn table etc.
according to the requirements.

TERMINAL STATIONS

These are stations at which incoming lines


terminate in a dead end.
A terminal station normally requires the
facilities of watering, cleaning, coaling/
fueling,
stabling,
turn
tables
and
arrangements for goods traffic.
Several platforms may be provided for the
stations where incoming lines are from
more than one direction.

TERMINAL STATIONS

The access to different platforms may be


from the concourse or from the overbridge.

Station Yards

These are systems of tracks laid within limits


of railway station for various purposes, over
which movement of trains is controlled by
prescribed rules, regulations and signals.
Railway yards have been classified as
follows:

Passenger yards,
Goods yards,
Marshalling yards, and
Locomotive yards

PASSENGER YARD

This yard provides all the facilities for the


convenience of passengers.
The chief requirements of a passenger yard
are as follows:

Booking and enquiry offices,


Parking spaces for vehicles,
Signals for reception and departure of trains,
Facilities for passing a through train at full speed,
Sufficient number of platforms and sidings,
Washing lines etc.

GOODS YARDS

The chief requirements of a goods yard are


as follows:

Approaches with loading/ unloading ramps,


Gathering or loop line with no. of parallel dead
end sidings,
Platforms with sufficient height (The heights for
BG, MG and NG are 1 m, 0.7 m and 0.6 m
respectively),
Booking offices,
Sufficient no. of godowns and cranes,
Weighing arrangements, etc.

MARSHALLING YARDS

These are places where trains are born.


All the wagons/ cars are associated with each
other in the form of a train before dispatching.
The main consideration is the arrangement of
wagons/ cars station-wise so that there should
be no difficulty in detaching them at stations.
The efficiency of a marshalling yard depends
in the time taken for sorting out wagons/ cars
and forming it into a train.

Marshalling Yards

The layout of a marshalling yard should be


such that it can fulfill all the requirements
with the minimum detention of wagons/
cars and with minimum consumption of
shunting engine-hours.
There are three types of marshalling yards:

Gravity,
Hump, and
Flat.

Gravity Yards

The wagons/ cars move into various dead


end sidings by the force of gravity only.
From the beginning of gathering lines at
the time of sorting, wagons/ cars are
released one by one so as to go in different
sidings.

Hump Yards

The wagons/ cars are pushed up to a


summit by a shunting engine from where
they roll down to opposite slope, under the
force of gravity, into fan-shaped sorting
sidings.
This type of yard is provided mostly
everywhere,
because
the
shunting
operation can be done more quickly than
gravity or flat yards.

Flat Yards

All the sorting work is done totally by


shunting engines.
At the places where space is limited and
other types of sorting yards cannot be
provided, flat yards are provided.

LOCOMOTIVE YARDS

The followings are the chief requirements of


a locomotive yard:

Should be located near passenger and goods


yards,
Escape line for engine,
Water columns, ash pits and inspection pits,
Hydraulic jacks and turn tables,
Engine-sheds,
Fueling arrangement equipments.

Platform

Suitable higher places meant for the


entraining, detraining and movement of
passengers of railway are known as
platforms.
The length of platform should be more than
the longest train which is moving on that
section.
The minimum length should be 183 m, but
for BG railway, it should not be less than
300 m.

Platform

Under no circumstance, the width of a


platform should be less than 4 m.
The platform should be provided 1.676 m
away from the centerline of the track for
BG, 1.346 m for MG and 1.219 m for NG.
The height of the platform above the rail
surface should be as follows:

For BG: 76.2 cm to 83.8 cm,


For MG: 30.5 cm to 40.6 cm, and
For NG: 22.9 cm to 40.6 cm

Platform

The platforms should be provided with


sheds for at least 60 m of their length, to
protect the passengers from sun and rains.
Platforms should be paved throughout and
at both ends, ramps should be provided.

Railway Gauges, Once available in


Pakistan

North Western Railway, the predecessor of


todays Pakistan Railway, operated three
different gauges of line.

The broad gauge (5-6) was the favored gauge


connecting most railway destinations,
The meter gauge (3-3) that operated in parts
of Thar Desert in Sindh, those were:

Mirpur Khas-Jhuddo-Mirpur Khas loop, and

Mirpur Khas-Chor Line


The narrow gauge (2-6) that ran in parts of
NWFP, Sindh and Balochistan, those were:

Railway Gauges, Once available in


Pakistan

The narrow gauge (2-6) that ran in parts of


NWFP, Sindh and Balochistan, those were:

Bannu-Mari Indus line,

Tank-Mari Indus line,

Kohat-Thul line,

Zhob Valley Railway (ZVR) connection between


Bostan and Zhob Town (320 km of length which
was longest narrow gauge in the sub-continent)

Nawabshah-Mirpur Khas line

Dilemma of Pakistan Railways

Other than the upgrading to broad gauge of


the Mirpur Khas-Chor line, we have not laid
a single inch of new track in 62 years.
In India, the NG Kalka-Simla line and
Darjeeling Train (Ghoom Station on the
Darjeeling Line is the highest in the subcontinent and it operates on Decauville
gauge that is just 2 wide) operate to this
day.

Dilemma of Pakistan Railways

Since partition, Indian railway authorities


have laid several thousand kilometers of
new railway lines, while in contrast, we
have closed line after line.

References

Roads,
Railways,
Bridges
and
Tunnels; 1985 by Anita & Deshpande
A Line Less Traveled, Railways by
Salman Rashid; The News on Sunday; May
17, 2009

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