Understanding

Routing

CSE-Network ManagementIntroduction

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1-1

Agenda

What Is Routing?
Routing Protocols

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What is Routing?

CSE-Network ManagementIntroduction
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1-3

What Is Routing?
Routing is:
Finding a path between a source and
destination (path determination)
Moving information across an internetwork
from a source to a destination (switching*)
Very complex in large networks because
of the many potential intermediate nodes

A router is:
A network layer device that forwards packets
from one network to another and determines
the optimal path for forwarding network traffic

The term switching, when used to describe a routers

function, is different from a switch (the network device).

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RoutersLayer 3
Remote
Location

Routing Table
192.168.3.0
192.168.1.0
192.168.2.0

Frame Relay
Ethernet
FDDI

Network 192.168.3.0
Frame Relay

Main Site

Network 192.168.2.0
FDDI

Network 192.168.1.0
Ethernet
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Where are Routers Used?

LAN-to-LAN connectivity
LAN-to-WAN connectivity
Remote access

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LAN-to-LAN Connectivity
X

C
C

A
A

Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical

B
B

A
Network
Data Link
Physical

B
Network
Data Link
Physical

C
Network
Data Link
Physical

Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical

Routers encapsulate and de-encapsulate data packets

as they are transferred from system X to system Y
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Path Determination
5

2
4
1

Which Path?
10

11

Routers find the best path through the network

Routing tables contain route information
Network addresses represent the path
of media connections to a destination

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Routing Algorithm Goals

Optimality
Selecting the best route based on metrics and
metric weightings used in the calculation

Simplicity and low overhead

Efficient routing algorithm functionality with a
minimum of software and utilization overhead

Robustness and stability

Correct performance in the face of unusual
or unforeseen circumstances (e.g., high load)

Rapid convergence
Fast agreement, by all routers, on optimal routes

Flexibility
Quick and accurate adaptation to changes in
router availability, bandwidth, queue size, etc.

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Routing Metrics

Path length
Total hop count or sum of cost per network link

Reliability
Dependability (bit error rate) of each network link

Delay
Useful because it depends on bandwidth, queues, network congestion, and physical
distance

Communication cost
Operating expenses of links (private versus public)

Bandwidth and load

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Types of Routing.

Static routing
Default routing
Dynamic routing.

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Static Routing
Manual table updates by
a network administrator
Benefits
Reflects administrators special
topology knowledge

PrivateNot conveyed to other routers

in updates
Avoids the overhead of dynamic
routing

Stub network
B
Stub Network
CSE: Networking FundamentalsRouting

When a node is accessible by

only one path, a static route is
sufficient
Point-to-point or circuit-switched
connection

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Dynamic Routing
Most internetworks use dynamic routing

A
D

X
C

A network change blocks

the established path...
CSE: Networking FundamentalsRouting

A
D

B
C

and an alternate route is

found dynamically.

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Routing Protocols

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Routed versus Routing Protocols

Routed protocols
used between
routers to direct user
traffic; also called
network protocols
Examples: IP, IPX,
DECnet, AppleTalk,
NetWare, OSI, VINES

Routing protocols
used between
routers to maintain
routing tables

Network
Protocol
Protocol name

Examples: RIP, IGRP,

OSPF, BGP, EIGRP
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Destination Exit Port

Network
to Use
1.0
2.0
3.0

1.1
2.1
3.1

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Routing Protocol Evolutions

IGRP
IGRP

RIP
RIP

Distance
Distancevector
vector
Most
Mostcommon
commonIGP
IGP
Uses
Useshop
hopcount
count

Distance
Distancevector
vector
Developed
Developedby
byCisco
Cisco
Addresses
Addressesproblems
problemsin
in
large,
large,heterogeneous
heterogeneous
networks
networks

Hybrid
Hybridprotocol
protocol
Developed
Developedby
byCisco
Cisco
Superior
Superiorconvergence
convergence
and
andoperating
operatingefficiency
efficiency
Merges
Mergesbenefits
benefitsof
oflink
link
state
state&&distance
distancevector
vector

Distance Vector
Hybrid

EIGRP
EIGRP

OSPF
OSPF

Link
Linkstate,
state,hierarchical
hierarchical
Successor
Successorto
toRIP
RIP
Uses
Usesleast-cost
least-costrouting,
routing,
multipath
multipathrouting,
routing,and
and
load
loadbalancing
balancing
Derived
Derivedfrom
fromIS-IS
IS-IS

Link State
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OSPF and EIGRP

Aspect

OSPF

EIGRP

Hierarchical

Not restricted

Memory & CPU

requirements

High

Moderate

Routing table size

Large

Moderate

Controlling body

Industry standard

Cisco proprietary

Convergence

Fast

Fast

Configuration

Difficult

Easy

IP

IP
IPX
AppleTalk

Topology

Supported
protocols

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Summary

Routers move data across networks

from a source to a destination
Routers determine the optimal path for
forwarding network traffic
Routing protocols communicate
reachability information between routers
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1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

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