Chapter 39

OBJECTIVES
After studying Chapter 39, the reader will be able to:

1. Describe the different types of hybrid electric
vehicles.
2. Explain how a hybrid vehicle is able to achieve an
improvement in fuel economy compared to a
conventional vehicle design.
3. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the
various hybrid designs.
4. Describe HEV components, including motors,
energy sources, and motor controllers.
5. Discuss the operation of a typical hybrid electric
vehicle.
Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,
Electronic, and Computer Systems, Fifth Edition
By James D. Halderman
2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.

Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
HYBRID VEHICLE
A hybrid vehicle is one that uses two different
methods to propel the vehicle.
A hybrid electric vehicle, abbreviated HEV uses
both an internal combustion engine and an electric
motor to propel the vehicle.
Most hybrid vehicles use a highvoltage battery pack
and a combination electric motor and generator to
help or assist a gasoline engine.


HYBRID VEHICLE
The internal combustion engine (ICE) used in a
hybrid vehicle can be either gasoline or diesel,
although only gasoline-powered engines are
currently used in hybrid vehicles.
An electric motor is used to help propel the vehicle,
and in some designs, is capable of propelling the
vehicle alone without having to start the internal
combustion engine.
Background


HYBRID VEHICLE
FIGURE 39-1 View of the components of the General Motors electric vehicle
(EV-1).Many of the features of this vehicle, such as regenerative braking and
DC-to-DC converters, currently used on hybrid vehicles were first put into
production on this vehicle.

HYBRID VEHICLE
FIGURE 39-2 General Motors EV1 shown without the body.


DRIVING AND OWNING A HYBRID ELECTRIC

VEHICLE
Driving a hybrid electric vehicle is the same as
driving any other conventional vehicle.
In fact, many drivers and passengers are often not aware
they are driving or riding in a hybrid electric vehicle.


CLASSIFICATIONS OF HYBRID-ELECTRIC
VEHICLES
The types of hybrid-electric vehicles include:
Series
Parallel
Series-parallel designs


VEHICLES
FIGURE 39-3 A drawing of the

power flow in a typical series
hybrid vehicle.


VEHICLES
FIGURE 39-4 This diagram shows the components included in a typical series
hybrid design. The solid-line arrow indicates the transmission of torque to the
drive wheels. The dotted-line arrows indicate the transmission of electrical
current.

VEHICLES
FIGURE 39-5 The power flowin a typical parallel hybrid vehicle.


VEHICLES
FIGURE 39-6 Diagram showing the components involved in a typical parallelhybrid vehicle. The solid-line arrows indicate the transmission of torque to the
drive wheels, and the dotted-line arrows indicate the flow of electrical current.

VEHICLES
FIGURE 39-7 A series-parallel

hybrid design allows the vehicle to
operate in electric motor mode
only or in combination with the
internal combustion engine.


BELT ALTERNATOR STARTER SYSTEMS

The belt system, commonly called the belt
alternator starter (BAS), is the least expensive
system that can be used and still claim that the
vehicle is a hybrid.
For many buyers, cost is a major concern and the BAS
system allows certain hybrid features without the cost
associated with an entire redesign of the engine and
power train.
Consumers will be able to upgrade from

conventional models to BAS hybrids at a
reasonable cost and will get slightly better fuel
economy.

FIGURE 39-8 This chart shows what is occurring during

various driving conditions in a BAS-type hybrid.

FIGURE 39-9 The components of a typical belt alternator-starter (BAS) system.


CAN HYBRIDS USE THE HOV LANE?
FIGURE 39-10 This sticker on a hybrid vehicle allows the driver to use the highoccupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes even if there is only one person in the vehicle
as a way to increase demand for hybrid vehicles in California.

FIGURE 39-11 A reversible

starter/alternator is used to
provide idle stop function to
conventional vehicles. This very
limited and low cost system is
called a micro-hybrid drive.



Micro-Hybrid Drive System
Common Features of Most Hybrids
Idle stop
Regenerative braking
Power assist
Engine-off drive-electric vehicle mode


LEVELS OF HYBRID VEHICLES

The term hybrid refers to a type of vehicle.
However, there are different levels of hybridization
among hybrids on the market.
Different vehicle manufacturers use various hybrid
technologies.
Mild Hybrid
Medium Hybrid
Full Hybrid
Efficiencies of Electric Motors and Internal

Combustion Engines
Electric Motors

SUMMARY
1. Hybrids use two different power sources to propel the
vehicle.
2. A mild hybrid with a lower voltage system (3650 volts) is
capable of increasing fuel economy and reducing exhaust
emissions but is not capable of using the electric motor
alone to propel the vehicle.
3. A medium hybrid uses a higher voltage than a mild hybrid
(140150 volts) and offers increased fuel economy over a
mild hybrid design but is not capable of operating using the
electric motor alone.
4. A full or strong hybrid uses a high-voltage system (250650
volts) and is capable of operating using the electric motor(s)
alone and achieves the highest fuel economy improvement
of all types of hybrids.

SUMMARY
5. Early in vehicle history, electric vehicles were more popular
than either steam- or gasoline-powered vehicles.
6. Legislation passed in California in 1998, which mandated
zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs), caused the vehicle
manufacturers to start producing electric vehicles. When the
law was changed to allow the substitution of other vehicles
that produced lower emissions, but not zero, it helped
promote the introduction of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs).
7. A hybrid vehicle is defined as having two power sources to
propel the vehicle.
8. Electric motors are perfect for vehicle use because they
produce torque at lower speed, whereas internal
combustion engines need to have an increased speed
before they produce maximum power and torque.

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What were the major reasons for the development
of electric and hybrid electric vehicles?
2. Which type of hybrid electric vehicle is the type
manufactured today?
3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of
mild, medium, and full hybrid vehicles?
4. Why does a BAS system cost less than the other
types of hybrid vehicles?
5. What are the four modes of operation of a typical
hybrid vehicle?

CHAPTER QUIZ
1. The GM EV1 was what type of vehicle?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Totally electric powered

A first-generation hybrid electric vehicle (HEV)
A series-type HEV
A parallel-type HEV


CHAPTER QUIZ
1. The GM EV1 was what type of vehicle?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Totally electric powered

A first-generation hybrid electric vehicle (HEV)
A series-type HEV
A parallel-type HEV


CHAPTER QUIZ
2. Which type of hybrid uses 36 to 42 volts?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Mild hybrid
Medium hybrid
Full hybrid
Strong hybrid


CHAPTER QUIZ
2. Which type of hybrid uses 36 to 42 volts?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Mild hybrid
Medium hybrid
Full hybrid
Strong hybrid


CHAPTER QUIZ
3. Which type of hybrid is capable of propelling the
vehicle using just the electric motor?
a)
b)
c)
d)
BAS type
Strong (full) hybrid
Medium hybrid
Mild hybrid


CHAPTER QUIZ
3. Which type of hybrid is capable of propelling the
vehicle using just the electric motor?
a)
b)
c)
d)
BAS type
Strong (full) hybrid
Medium hybrid
Mild hybrid


CHAPTER QUIZ
4. About how fast does a motor-generator crank the
internal combustion engine?
a)
b)
c)
d)
About 1000 RPM

About 2000 RPM
About 150300 RPM
About 400600 RPM


CHAPTER QUIZ
4. About how fast does a motor-generator crank the
internal combustion engine?
a)
b)
c)
d)
About 1000 RPM

About 2000 RPM
About 150300 RPM
About 400600 RPM


CHAPTER QUIZ
5. Which type of hybrid electric design costs the
least?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Strong hybrid design

Series hybrid design
Parallel hybrid design
BAS design


CHAPTER QUIZ
5. Which type of hybrid electric design costs the
least?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Strong hybrid design

Series hybrid design
Parallel hybrid design
BAS design


CHAPTER QUIZ
6. Which type of hybrid electric vehicle has idle stop
operation?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Strong hybrids only

Strong, mild, and medium hybrids
Mild hybrids only
Medium hybrids only


CHAPTER QUIZ
6. Which type of hybrid electric vehicle has idle stop
operation?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Strong hybrids only

Strong, mild, and medium hybrids
Mild hybrids only
Medium hybrids only


CHAPTER QUIZ
7. Technician A says that most hybrids require that
they be plugged into an electrical outlet at night to
provide the electrical power to help propel the
vehicle. Technician B says that the internal
combustion engine in an HEV will often stop
running when the vehicle is stopped. Which
technician is correct?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Technician A only
Technician B only
Both Technicians A and B
Neither Technician A nor B

CHAPTER QUIZ
7. Technician A says that most hybrids require that
they be plugged into an electrical outlet at night to
provide the electrical power to help propel the
vehicle. Technician B says that the internal
combustion engine in an HEV will often stop
running when the vehicle is stopped. Which
technician is correct?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Technician A only
Technician B only

CHAPTER QUIZ
8. Technician A says that most hybrids use the series
hybrid design. Technician B says that most hybrids
have 42-volt batteries. Which technician is correct?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Technician A only
Technician B only


CHAPTER QUIZ
8. Technician A says that most hybrids use the series
hybrid design. Technician B says that most hybrids
have 42-volt batteries. Which technician is correct?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Technician A only
Technician B only


CHAPTER QUIZ
9. Electric motors are better than an internal
combustion engine to propel a vehicle because
_________.
a) They produce high torque at low speeds
b) They do not burn fuel and therefore do not release
carbon dioxide into the environment
c) They are quiet
d) All of the above are correct


CHAPTER QUIZ
9. Electric motors are better than an internal
combustion engine to propel a vehicle because
_________.
a) They produce high torque at low speeds
b) They do not burn fuel and therefore do not release
carbon dioxide into the environment
c) They are quiet
d) All of the above are correct


CHAPTER QUIZ
10. All of the following are characteristic of a hybrid
electric vehicle (HEV), except _________.
a) High voltages (safety issue)
b) Lower fuel economy
c) Lower amount of carbon dioxide released to the
atmosphere
d) Quiet


CHAPTER QUIZ
10. All of the following are characteristic of a hybrid
electric vehicle (HEV), except _________.
a) High voltages (safety issue)
b) Lower fuel economy
c) Lower amount of carbon dioxide released to the
atmosphere
d) Quiet


END



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OBJECTIVES

After studying Chapter 39, the reader will be able to:

2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.

2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.

FIGURE 39-2 General Motors EV1 shown without the body.

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DRIVING AND OWNING A HYBRID ELECTRIC

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.

FIGURE 39-3 A drawing of the

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

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2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.

FIGURE 39-5 The power flowin a typical parallel hybrid vehicle.

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FIGURE 39-7 A series-parallel

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.

BELT ALTERNATOR STARTER SYSTEMS

Consumers will be able to upgrade from

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BELT ALTERNATOR STARTER SYSTEMS

FIGURE 39-8 This chart shows what is occurring during

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BELT ALTERNATOR STARTER SYSTEMS

FIGURE 39-9 The components of a typical belt alternator-starter (BAS) system.

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CAN HYBRIDS USE THE HOV LANE?

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BELT ALTERNATOR STARTER SYSTEMS

FIGURE 39-11 A reversible

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

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BELT ALTERNATOR STARTER SYSTEMS

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

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LEVELS OF HYBRID VEHICLES

Efficiencies of Electric Motors and Internal

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2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.

2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.

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Totally electric powered

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

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Totally electric powered

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

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Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

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Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

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Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

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Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Automotive Electrical,

2010 Pearson Higher Education, Inc.

About 1000 RPM