REAKSI ORGANIK

Oleh : Alvan Febrian Shalas, S. Farm., Apt

TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN
Mahasiswa mampu :
1. Memahami Jenis-jenis reaksi organik
2. Memahami Mekanisme Reaksi organik
3. Memahami konsep Nukleofil dan Elektrofil
4. Menggambar mekanisme reaksi
5. Memahami kesetimbangan, Laju, dan
Perubahan energi dalam reaksi organik

JENIS REAKSI ORGANIK

1. REAKSI ADISI
Occur when two reactants add together to form a
single product with no atoms left over.

JENIS REAKSI ORGANIK

2. REAKSI ELIMINASI
Occur when a single reactant splits into two products,
often with formation of a small molecule

JENIS REAKSI ORGANIK

3. REAKSI SUBSTITUSI
Occur when two reactants exchange parts to give
two new products

JENIS REAKSI ORGANIK

4. REAKSI REARRANGEMENT
Occur when a single reactant undergoes a
reorganization of bonds and atoms to yield an isomeric
product

EXERCISES
Classify each of the following reactions as an addition, elimination,
substitution, or rearrangement:
SUBSTITUSI
ELIMINASI
ADISI

Page 7

MEKANISME REAKSI
Reaction mechanism describes bond-breaking
and bond-making :
1.
2.
3.
4.

Which bonds are broken and in what order

Which bonds are formed and in what order
What the relative rates of the steps are
Account for all reactants used and all
products formed

MEKANISME REAKSI
BOND BREAKING
1. HOMOLYTIC CLEAVAGE
Symmetrical bond-breaking : One bonding electron stays with
each product

MEKANISME REAKSI
BOND BREAKING
2. HETEROLYTIC CLEAVAGE
Unsymmetrical bond-breaking (polar): Two bonding electrons
stay with one product.

10

MEKANISME REAKSI
BOND FORMING
1. Symmetrical bond-forming : One bonding electron is donated
by each reactant

11

MEKANISME REAKSI
BOND FORMING
2. Unsymmetrical bond-forming : two bonding electrons are
donated by one reactant

12

REAKSI POLAR
The fundamental characteristic of all polar
organic reactions :
Electron-rich sites react with electron-poor sites
Bonds are made when an electron-rich atom
donates a pair of electrons to an electron poor
atom
Bonds are broken when one atom leaves with
both electrons from the former bond

REAKSI POLAR

REAKSI POLAR
POLARIZABILITAS

The measure of the response

to an external electrical
influence

Larger atoms with more loosely held electrons

are more polarizable
Smaller atoms with fewer, tightly held electrons
are less polarizable
Ex : Sulfur is more polarizable than oxygen, and
iodine is more polarizable than chlorine.

REAKSI POLAR
The effect of this higher polarizability
for sulfur and iodine is that carbon
sulfur and carboniodine bonds,
although nonpolar according to
electronegativity values, nevertheless
usually react as if they were polar

REAKSI POLAR

REAKSI POLAR
Nucleophile is a nucleus-loving.
A nucleophile has a negatively polarized, electron-rich atom
and can form a bond by donating a pair of electrons to a
positively polarized, electronpoor atom.
Nucleophiles can be either neutral or negatively charged

Electrophile is electron-loving.
An electrophile has a positively polarized, electron poor atom
and can form a bond by accepting a pair of electrons from a
nucleophile.
Electrophiles can be either neutral or positively charged.

REAKSI POLAR

REAKSI POLAR
EXERCISES

REAKSI POLAR
EXERCISES

TUGAS
1. Jelaskan yang dimaksud dengan :
a. Reaksi Eksergonis dan Endergonis
b. Reaksi Eksotermis dan Endotermis
c. Energi Disosiasi Ikatan
2. Analisalah diagram reaksi di bawah ini, dan
berikan penjelasannya
a)

b)

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