Nombor Nisbah/Rational

Numbers
MINGGU 9

Nombor Nisbah

The need for a closed set for division

(or closure for division) before
subtraction
How do the Egyptians & Romans
avoided fractions?
Is Z closed for addition? Subtraction?
Multiplication? Division?
What does closure for an operation
mean?

Contoh
10 4 16
,
,
...
2 2
8

1 14
6
,
,
...
2
5 13
Are both sets of numbers found in Z ?
Does closure for division exist for Z ?

Hence, the need for a closed set for divisio

Nombor Nyata ( Real Numbers ) terdiri

daripada :
Nombor Bulat ( Whole Numbers )
Nombor Asli ( Natural Number )
Nombor Integer ( Integers )
Nombor Nisbah ( Rational Numbers )
Nombor Bukan Nisbah ( Irrational
Numbers )

a
b

Nombor Nisbah

Q = { set of all numbers that

can be written as , where a
a
and b are integers
and b 0 }
b 0 is undefined.
Recall division by
Q = {sebarang nombor yang
dapat ditulis sebagai nisbah /
pecahan (ratio) dua integer ,
dengan keadaan penyebut, tidak
sama dengan 0 }

Nombor Nisbah

Written in the fractional form

a/b; a numerator;
b denominator
a
If both a & b are positive; is called
b
a

Proper fraction if a < b;

Improper fraction if a > b; and
Whole number if b divides evenly into
a.

Nombor Nisbah
1.5 adalah Nombor Nisbah,
boleh ditulis sebagai nisbah 3/2.
7 adalah Nombor Nisbah,
boleh ditulis sebagai nisbah 7/1.
0.317 adalah Nombor Nisbah,
boleh ditulis sebagai nisbah
317/1000.

Sifat Asas/
Fundamental Property

If the greatest common factor of the

numerator & denominator of a given
fraction is 1, then we say the fraction
is in the lowest terms or reduced.
If the greatest common factor (gcf) is
not 1, then divide both the
numerator & denominator by this gcf
using the fundamental property of
fractions.

If a is any rational number

b
and x is any non-zero
integer, then

a.x x.a a

b.x x.b b
where x can be the gcf
Sifat Asas / Fundamental Property
of Fractions

Contoh:

Reduce the given fractions

24 300
,
30 144

Find the gcf

Divide the fraction by the gcf

24 = 23. 31 . 50
30 = 21. 31. 51
g.c.f. = 21. 31. 50 = 6

24 6 . 4 2
4

30 6 . 5 5 5

Operasi dengan Nombor

Nisbah
a c ad bc ad bc

Addition:
b d bd bd
bd

Subtraction: a c ad bc ad bc
b d bd bd
bd

Operasi dengan Nombor

Nisbah
Multiplication/
Pendaraban:

a c ac
x
b d bd

Division/
Pembahagian:

a c ad

(c0)
b d bc

Contoh 2:
1.

1 2
x
,
3 5

2.

2 4
x
,
3 7

3.
4.

2
5 x
,
3
3 2
x
4 3

5.

1
3
3 x 2
2
5

Contoh 3 : Kaedah Polya

Justify the rule for division of

rational numbers
Understand the problem:
a c
Given : (c 0)
b d

We dont say b 0 or d 0, because the definit

of rational numbers exclude these possibilities,
But does not exclude c = 0, so this condition mu
be stated.

a c

b d
We are looking for the value of
.

2 4

3 5

4
x
5

4
x
5

5 2
x
4 3

2 4 5 2
x
3 5 4 3
That means we invert the fraction we are
Dividing by, and then we multiply.

Refer to page 191 devise & carry out the plan & look bac

Example 4:
(a)

3
4

4
7

(b)

4
8

3
9

Example 5 (page 192)

(a), (b), (c), (d)

Problem Set 4.4 (page 194)

Q.10, 12
Q19, 21b
Q27, 28
Q33, 34

Rational & Irrational

numbers

N = { 1, 2, 3, 4, }
Z = { , -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, }
Q = {set of rational numbers}
= set of all numbers that can be
written as fractions
R = {set of real numbers}
= all numbers which can be
represented on a number line

Basic properties of the

rational numbers
To carry out the 4 operations
on fractions:
Example:
(a) 5/7 + 3/4
(b) 5/7 3/4
(c) 5/7 x 3/4
(d) 5/7 3/4

Exercise 7.1 : Complete the

following:

a/b + c/d =
a/b c/d =
a/b x c/d =
a/b c/d =
0

, where c

Equivalent fractions

Two fractions are equivalent if

they represent the same
number
When are a/b and c/d
equivalent?

Number line

Locate the following fractions

on the number line below:

2 5 7 3 8 6 1 4 4 6 7 18 1 4 3
, , , ,
, , , , ,
, ,
, , ,
3 6 5 7 10 4 5 6 5 14 8 12 3 9 9

1/2

3/2

Representation on a
Cartesian Plane

Represent a/b by the ordered pair (a, b)

-4

-3

-2

-1

The fraction 1/2 is represented by the point A (1, 2)

Complete the following table

Refer to Cartesian plane on page 137

Point

Coordinate (1,2)
s
Fractions

1/2

(2,4) (2,3
)

(-2,3)

(3,-

(-1,-2)

2)

The cardinality of the

rational numbers

How many rational numbers

are there?
Are there as many integers as
there are rational numbers?

1/2

3/2

One-to-one
correspondence

There is a one-to-one
correspondence between the
elements of two sets if we can
exactly match the elements of one
set with those of the other (and
vice versa)
If such a one-to-one
correspondence exists, we say that
the sets have the same cardinality.

Example:

The sets { 1, 2, 3, 4 } and { a, b, c,

d } have the same cardinality since
a one-to-one correspondence can
be established by pairing off their
elements as follows:
1

a
d

Cardinality is denoted by the number of elemen

in the set. For example the set {a, b, c, d} has
a cardinality of 4

Question?

What is the cardinality of the

set of rational numbers?

1/2

3/2

The cardinality of the set of rational numbers Q, is

Refer to Figure 7.2 by using the beading metho

Countable sets

A set which can be put in oneto-one correspondence with

the set of natural numbers
N = { 1, 2, 3, 4, } is said to
have cardinality aleph zero (or
aleph nought), N0. (Aleph is the
first letter of the Hebrew
alphabet.)

A set with cardinality N0 is

somehow not very big, since
its elements can be put in oneto-one correspondence with the
natural or counting numbers.
Therefore, a set which is finite
or has a cardinality of N0 is
called countable.

The set of integers, Z, has

cardinality N0 ,

Can you explain?

The cardinality of the set of

rational numbers, Q, is also N0

Can you explain why?

Irrational numbers

Are there any numbers which

are not rational?

Do Activity 7.1 (Tutorial)

Refer to page 138

ISL

Read the story of Cantor.