Chapter Outcomes
INTEREST RATE:
Price that equates the demand for
and supply of loanable funds
ROLE OF FINANCIAL MARKETS:
Interest rates are determined by the
supply and demand for loanable
funds in financial markets
6
7%
D1
S1
8%
D1
S1
9%
D1
Quantity of Loanable Funds
S2
D2
S2
S1
8%
D3 D1
Quantity of Loanable Funds
10
Volume of Savings
Expansion of Deposits by Depository
Institutions
Liquidity Attitudes
11
Determinants of Market
Interest Rates
12
Determinants of Market
Interest Rates (Continued)
BASIC EQUATION:
r = RR + IP + DRP
INFLATION PREMIUM (IP):
Average inflation rate expected
over the life of the security
DEFAULT RISK PREMIUM (DRP):
Compensation for the possibility of
the borrowers failure to pay interest
and/or principal when due
13
Determinants of Market
Interest Rates (Concluded)
DEFINITION:
Possible price fluctuations in fixedrate debt instruments associated
with changes in market interest rates
REASON:
An inverse relationship exists
between debt instrument values or
prices and nominal interest rates in
the marketplace
15
DEFINITION:
Interest rate on a debt instrument
with no default, maturity, or liquidity
risks (Treasury securities are the
closest example)
EQUATION:
Risk-Free Rate = Real Rate (RR) +
Inflation Premium (IP)
16
MARKETABLE GOVERNMENT
SECURITIES: Securities that may be
bought and sold through the usual
market channels
NONMARKETABLE GOVERNMENT
SECURITIES: Issues that cannot be
transferred between persons or
institutions but must be redeemed
with the U.S. government
17
TREASURY BILLS:
Obligations that bear the shortest
(up to one year) original maturities
TREASURY NOTES:
Obligations issued for maturities of
one to ten years
TREASURY BONDS:
Obligations of any maturity but usually
over five years
18
TERM STRUCTURE:
Relationship between interest rates or
yields and the time to maturity for debt
instruments of comparable quality
YIELD CURVE:
Graphic presentation of the term
structure of interest rates at a given
point in time
19
EXPECTATIONS THEORY:
Shape of the yield curve indicates
investor expectations about future
inflation rates
LIQUIDITY PREFERENCE THEORY:
Investors are willing to accept lower
interest rates on short-term debt
securities which provide greater
liquidity and less interest rate risk
20
21
INFLATION:
Occurs when an increase in the price
of goods or services is not offset by
an increase in quality
HISTORICAL PRICE MOVEMENTS:
Changes in the money supply or in
the amount of metal in the money
unit have influenced prices since the
earliest records of civilization
22
Revolutionary War
War of 1812
Civil War
World War I
World War II
Postwar Period through Early 1980s
23
Types of Inflation
COST-PUSH INFLATION:
Occurs when prices are raised to
cover rising production costs, such
as wages
DEMAND-PULL INFLATION:
Occurs during economic expansions
when demand for goods and services
is greater than supply
24
SPECULATIVE INFLATION:
Caused by the expectation that
prices will continue to rise, resulting
in increased buying to avoid even
higher future prices
ADMINISTRATIVE INFLATION:
The tendency of prices, aided by
union-corporation contracts, to rise
during economic expansion and to
resist declines during recessions
25
DEFAULT RISK:
Risk that a borrower will not pay
interest and/or repay the principal on
a loan according to the agreed
contractual terms
BASIC EQUATION:
DPR = r - RR - IP
BASIC EQUATION EXPANDED:
DPR = r - RR - IP - MRP - LP
26