MACHINE TOOL PRACTICES

SECTION A Introduction
Shop Drawing Basics

Machine Tool Practices, 8th Edition

Richard R. Kibbe, John E. Neely, Roland O. Meyer, Warren T. White
2006 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All rights reserved

Pictorial Sketch
Formats
The design engineer communicates ideas
to the machinist through engineering
drawings. Initially, the design process
may involve pictorial sketches such as:

Isometric
Oblique
Perspective

These formats allow an object to be

drawn and observed in three dimensions.
Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pears

Isometric Format
The isometric format
shows an object as it
would appear with
its major axes
parallel to the three
isometric axes of the
drawing. The
isometric axes are
120 degrees apart.
Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pears

Oblique Format
In the oblique
format, one set of
a rectangular
objects lines are
parallel to the
plane of the
drawing.

Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pears

Perspective Format
Perspective is used
by artists and
technical illustrators.
In perspective, the
lines of an object
recede to a vanishing
point much as they
would when viewed
by the eye.
Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pears

Orthographic Format
The pictorial drawing formats
previously shown are not used in
typical machine shop engineering
drawings because they distort angles
and the actual dimensions of the
objects shown. Typical machine shop
drawings are almost always in the
multiview format called
ORTHOGRAPHIC.
Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pears

The Basic Orthographic View

So as not to distort the shape and
size of an part, or its features,
orthographic drawings always
show a face on view of an objects
surface or feature. No attempt is
made to show an object in three
dimensions using only one view.
Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pears

Orthographic Views

FRONT
TOP
RIGHT SDE
LEFT SIDE
BOTTOM
REAR
AUXILIARY

A minimum of two
views are always
required to show
any object in it true
size and shape and
to provide all
necessary
dimensions for
manufacturing

Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pears

The Front View

The orthographic
front view shows the
shape of the front
surface, overall
height, height of the
top feature and the
left to right
dimensions of both
lower and upper part
features.
Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pears

The Top View

The top view shows
the overall shape of
the objects top
surfaces, left to right
and back to front
dimensions, but
does not reveal the
total height of the
object or the height
of the top portion.
Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pears

The Right Side View

The right side view
shows the outline of
the right side, the
overall height,
height of the top
and bottom feature
and the front to
back dimension.

Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pears

The Left Side View

The left side view
shows the outline of
the left side, the
overall height,
height of the top
and bottom feature
and the front to
back dimension.

Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pears

The Rear View

The rear view of this
object is the same
as the front view.
Overall heights are
seen in this view as
well as the left to
right dimension.

Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pears

The Bottom View

The bottom view is
the same as the top
view except that the
top portion appears
as a dashed or
hidden line because
it is not visible when
observing from the
bottom.
Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pears

All Orthographic Views

Any or all of the standard
orthographic views may be
seen on typical shop
drawings. The top, front and
right side views are the most
common. Each view is
positioned on the drawing
such that it projects directly
into every other view.
Through this, the true shape
and size of an object is
shown and may be
dimensioned accordingly.

Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pears

Cylindrical Objects
Cylindrical objects may
often be fully drawn
using only two standard
orthographic views. The
front and side or end
views may be all that is
required to show the
object fully and all
necessary dimensions
may be placed in these
two views.

Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pears

Line Types
Several different line types
are used on shop drawings.
These include:

Object lines
Center lines
Dimension lines
Hidden lines

Object lines are heavy solid

lines. Center lines are light
long and short dashed lines
and dimension lines are
light solid lines. Hidden lines
are short dashed lines.

Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pears

Hidden Lines
Object edges and
other features that
are not directly
visible in any
orthographic views
are shown as
dashed lines. These
are called hidden
lines.
Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pears

Section Views
Section views are used
where complex internal
details are better seen by
cutting away parts of an
object. A full section is
when an object is fully cut
through (AA). A half
section is where a partial
cut is made (BB). On a
drawing, the section
cutting plane is identified
as well as the direction of
view.

Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pears

Auxiliary Views
In some special situations, the
standard orthographic views
do not reveal the true shape
and size of an object. In this
example, the dimensions of
the sloping surface on the
right side of the object is
distorted in the right side and
top view. This due to the
angle of the surface. An
auxiliary view may be used to
show the true size of this
surface. The auxiliary view is
projected at right angles to its
reference surface.

Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pears

Dimensioning Styles
Dimensions may be
either in bar fraction
form or in decimal
fraction form in the
inch system of
measurement.
Metric dimension
are always in
decimal form.
Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pears

Dimensional Tolerances
A tolerance is an acceptable
range of part size. Tolerances
may noted as bilateral,
meaning that the range is both
above and below the nominal
part dimension. A unilateral
tolerance range is noted as all
above or all below the nominal
dimension. Tolerance expressed
as high and low limits shows
the maximum and minimum
acceptable dimension.

Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pears

Standard Tolerances
Where no other
specific tolerance is
defined on a drawing,
standard tolerances
may be applied. These
are usually specified in
the title block of the
drawing. Standard
tolerance ranges may
vary between different
manufacturers.

Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pears

Geometric Dimensions
Equally important as size
dimensions are dimensions
that define form and
location of part features.
These are called geometric
dimensions. Exampes of
form geometric dimensions
include squarness, flatness
pendicularity and
roundness. Examples of
location geometric
dimensions include true
feature position.

Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pears

Thread Symbols and

Nomenclature
Thread nomenclature on
shop drawings includes:
Major diameter
Pitch diameter
Number of threads per
inch (TPI)
Form of thread (Unified)
Series of the thread
national coarse (NC) or
national fine (NF),
Internal or external
thread A, or B
Class of fit, 1, 2 or 3.

Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pears

Thread Drawing
Notations
Thread notations on
drawings include
major diameter,
number of threads
per inch (TPI), form
(Unified) and series
(NC or NF), class of fit
(1,2 or 3) and
external (A) or
internal (B).
Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pears

Other Drawing Symbols

and Abbreviations
Other drawing symbols and
abbreviations identify part
geometry and machining
operations such as:

Counter sinking,
Counterboring
Spot facing,
Corner radii,
Chamfers,
Finish marks
Bolt or pitch circle diameters

Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pears

Production Drawing
Formats
After original drawings are
made they are copied for
distribution to the
manufaturing shop or
displayed on computer
terminals at manufacturing
stations. If changes in
design are made, drawings
are revised and new
versions are sent to the
production shop.

Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pears

Key Terms

Front view
Finish marks
Hidden lines
Geometric
dimensions and
tolerances
Left side view
Limits

Auxiliary view
Bilateral tolerance
Bar fraction
dimensions
Center lines
Dimension lines
Bottom view
Decimal fraction
dimensions

Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pears

More Key Terms

Line types
Microinch
Notes
Object lines
Orthographic views
Pictorial formats
Rear view

Right side view

Section views
Standard tolerances
Thread nomenclature
Tolerances
Top view
Unilateral tolerance

Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pears

Things to Remember When

Reading Shop Drawings.

Always be sure to read any and

all notes on the drawing.
Be sure that the drawing is the
latest revision before starting
work on a project.

Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pears

Shop Drawing Basics

Text References
From Section A- Introduction,
read and study:

Unit 3 - Reading Drawings

Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pears