Transistor Amplifier

Design
TransducerGainandStability
DesignforMaximumGain
Mixers

EE 41139

Microwave Technique

TransducerGainandStability
asinglestagetransistoramplifierwith
matchingnetworksattheinputand
outputterminalsofthetransistoris
shownbelow:
G
Zo

Go

input
matching
circuit

output
matching
circuit

transistor
[S]

EE 41139

GL

in

out

Microwave Technique

Zo

TransducerGainandStability
thereflectioncoefficientontheinputside
ofthetransistorisgivenby

in

S11

S21
S12

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S22

L
S 21LS12
in S11
1 LS 22

Microwave Technique

TransducerGainandStability
similarly,thereflectioncoefficientonthe
outputsideofthetransitorisgivenby
S 21SS12
out S 22
1 SS11

EE 41139

Microwave Technique

TransducerGainandStability
wecandefineatransducergainasthe
ratioofthepowerdeliveredtotheloadto
thepoweravailablefromthesource

V2

V1

transistor
[S]

V1

s
EE 41139

in

V2

out
Microwave Technique

L
5

TransducerGainandStability
V1 S11V1 S12V2 S11V1 S12L V2
V2 S 21V1 S 22V2 S 21V1 S 22L V2

in

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V1
V1

, out

V2

V2

| V1 |
Pin
1 | in |2
2Z o

| V2 |
Ploss
1 | L |2
2Z o

Microwave Technique

TransducerGainandStability
(1 S 22L ) V2 S 21V1 V2

S 21
V1
1 S 22L

thepoweravailablefromthesourceis
themaximumpowerthatcanbe
deliveredtothenetwork,i.e.,
in s*

EE 41139

Microwave Technique

TransducerGainandStability
therefore,thetransducergainisgivenby
GT

S 21

1 2
L

1 S 22L

GT

EE 41139

1 2
L 1
S 21

2
2
1 S 22L 1 in 2 1
1 in

1 s

1 in s

S 21

2 1 L

in

1 S 22L

Microwave Technique

in

GS G o G L

TransducerGainandStability
GS
isthegainoftheinputmatching
Go
network,isthegainoftheamplifier
GL
andisthegainoftheoutput
matchingnetwork

EE 41139

Microwave Technique

TransducerGainandStability
thetransistorissaidtobeunilateral
S12
when=0orisverysmall,the
unilateraltransducergainreducesto
G TU

EE 41139

1 s

1 S11s

S 21

2 1 L

1 S 22L

Microwave Technique

GS G o G L

10

TransducerGainandStability
notethattheoverallgainisdictatedby
thegainduetothematchingnetworksas
wellasthegainofthetransistor
thenetworkissaidtobeunconditionally
in 1
stableifandforall
L 1
passivesourceandloadimpedance

EE 41139

Microwave Technique

11

TransducerGainandStability

out
Notethatbothanddependson
in
L
and,respectively
s
weneedtofindtherangethatthese
conditionsaresatisfied

S 21LS12
S S
in S11
1 out S 22 21 S 12 1
1 LS 22
1 SS11

and
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Microwave Technique

12

TransducerGainandStability
foraunilateraldevice,theseconditions
S 22 1
S11 1
reducestoand
letusconsiderthefirstconditionthat
S 21LS12
S11
1
1 L S 22
S11 ( 1 S 22L ) S12S 21L 1 LS 22

EE 41139

Microwave Technique

13

TransducerGainandStability
S11 (S11S 22 S12S 21 )L 1 LS 22
S11 L 1 LS 22

hereisthedeterminantofthescattering
matrix

EE 41139

Microwave Technique

14

TransducerGainandStability
ifwesquarebothsidesoftheaboveequation
(S11 L )(S11 L )* (1 L S 22 )(1 LS 22 ) *
2

S11 L

2
*
* *
( LS11 S11 L ) 1 S 22

2 * * * * *
2*
2
2 2
2
2
*
S11S11L ) 1 S

S
)

L L 11 L 11
22
L22
LL 22
22
L (

EE 41139

Microwave Technique

15

TransducerGainandStability
ourgoalhereistoderiveanexpressionfor
L
2

S11 1 ( S 22

1 ( S 22

) L
2

EE 41139

) L

(S 22 S*11 ) L (S*22

*
(S 22 S*11 ) L (S*22 S11* ) L

*
(S 22 S*11 ) L (S*22 S11* ) L

( S 22

Microwave Technique

S11 1
( S 22

16

TransducerGainandStability
tosimplifyourdiscussion,letusconsiderthe
expressionthat
2

*
*
*
*
( x a ) ( x a )( x a ) xx ax a x a
2
*
*
*
*
*
( x a )( x a ) xx ax a x aa x ( ax* a
2

ax* |a|
a*x aa* x ( ax* a*x ) a 2

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Microwave Technique

17

TransducerGainandStability
(S*22 S11* )

2
2
( S 22 )
Ifweset,theabove
equationforcanbewrittenas
L

(S*22 S11* )
( S 22

=
EE 41139

S11 1
( S 22

S12S 21
( S 22

2
*
*
(S 22 S11 )

( S 22

)2

2
2

Microwave Technique

18

TransducerGainandStability
L

(S*22 S11* )
( S 22

S12S 21
( S 22

inderivingtheaboveresult,wemakeuse
2
S11S 22 S12S 21
ofand
b bb*

EE 41139

Microwave Technique

19

TransducerGainandStability
theaboveequationwrittenintheform
L CL R L
representsacircleona
L
complexplanewiththecenterat
RL
CL
andaradiuswith
S
similarresultcanbeobtainedforwith
S 22
S11
therolesofandinterchanged

EE 41139

Microwave Technique

20

TransducerGainandStability
tocheckthestableregion,letusconsiderthe
diagrambelow:
CL
RL
L

EE 41139

Microwave Technique

21

TransducerGainandStability
sinceweobtainedtheabovecircle
in S11 1
L CL R L
at,the
possiblestableregioniseitheroutsideor
insidethiscirclewiththeadditional
constraintthat L 1

EE 41139

Microwave Technique

22

TransducerGainandStability
L
consideramatchedloadsothat
in S11 1
iszerowhichleadsto
L
S11 1
If,therefore,isinthe
stablecondition

EE 41139

Microwave Technique

23

TransducerGainandStability
therefore,thestableregionisdefinedas
theshadedregionbelow:
CL
RL
L

EE 41139

Microwave Technique

24

TransducerGainandStability
S11 1
ontheotherhand,if,itimplies
in 1
thatandthepoint=0isin
L theunstableregion

EE 41139

Microwave Technique

25

TransducerGainandStability
thestableregionisthereforegivenbythe
S11 1
shadedregionbelowfor
CL
RL
L

EE 41139

Microwave Technique

26

TransducerGainandStability
similardiscussionscanbeappliedtothe
inputstabilitycircle
mathematically,theamplifierwillbe
unconditionallystableifthefollowing
necessaryandsufficientconditionsaremet
2

1 S11 S 22
K
1
2 S12S 21
and
EE 41139

Microwave Technique

1
27

DesignforMaximumGain
(ConjugateMatching)
maximumpowertransferfromtheinput
matchingnetworktothetransistor
*
in s
occurswhenwhilethe
maximumpowertransferfromthe
transistortotheoutputmatching
*
out L
networkoccursat
EE 41139

Microwave Technique

28

DesignforMaximumGain
(ConjugateMatching)
foralosslessmatchingsections,the
maximumoverallgainwillbegivenby
G T max

EE 41139

1
1 s

S 21

2 1 L

Microwave Technique

1 S 22L

29

DesignforMaximumGain
(ConjugateMatching)
s
L
weneedtodetermineand;
formaximumpowertransfer,theyare
givenby
S 21L S12
*
s S11
1 LS 22

S 21SS12
*
L S 22
1 SS11
EE 41139

Microwave Technique

30

DesignforMaximumGain
(ConjugateMatching)
withtheaboveexpression,wecan
L
s
determineeitherorbyfirst
eliminatingoneofthem

EE 41139

Microwave Technique

31

DesignforMaximumGain
(ConjugateMatching)
takingthecomplexconjugateofthe
secondequationandsubstitutingthe
resultintothefirstequation,weobtain
2

( S11 S*22 )s2 ( S11 S 22 1)s ( S*11 *S 22 )

s ( S*11 *S 22 ) 0

EE 41139

Microwave Technique

32

DesignforMaximumGain
(ConjugateMatching)
Thesolutionis
s

Where

B1

2
2
B1 4 C1

2C1
2

B1 1 S11 S 22

C1 S11 S*22
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Microwave Technique

33

DesignforMaximumGain
(ConjugateMatching)
L
For,thesolutionsareidenticalto
S11
s
thoseofexceptthattherolesofand
S 22
areinterchanged s S11
L S 22
1
1
fortheunilateralcase=*and=*
2
G

S
U max

EE 41139

1 S11

21

Microwave Technique

1 S 22

34

Mixers
Amixerusesthenonlinearityofadiode
togenerateanoutputspectrum
consistingofthesumanddifference
frequenciesoftwoinputsignals.
Inareceiverapplication,alowlevelRF
signalandanRFlocaloscillator(LO)
signalaremixedtogethertoproducean
intermediatefrequency(IF)
EE 41139

Microwave Technique

35

Mixers
f IF f RF f LO
andamuchhigherfrequency
f RF f LO

thesignalwillpassthroughalowpassfilterto
getridofthehigherfrequency
RF
fRF + fLO

input

IF
AMP

RF
AMP

fIF = fRF - fLO

LP
filter

LO

downconversioninaheterodynereceiver
EE 41139

Microwave Technique

36

Mixers
fRF = fLO + fIF
local
oscillator

fLO + fIF

sideband
filter

IF oscillator

upconversioninatransmitter
theIFsignalusuallyhasafrequency
between10and100MHz,andcanbe
amplifiedwithalownoiseamplifer
EE 41139

Microwave Technique

37

Mixers
thisiscalledaheterodynereceiver,andis
usefulbecauseithasmuchbettersensitivity
andnoisecharacteristicsthanthedirect
detectionscheme
italsohastheadvantageofbeingabletotune
overabandbysimplychangingtheLO
frequency,withouttheneedforahighgain,
widebandRFamplifier
EE 41139

Microwave Technique

38

BalancedMixer
abalancedmixercombinestwoormore
identicalsingleendedmixerswitha3dB
hybridjunction(90oor180o)togive
eitherbetterinputSWRorbetterRF/LO
isolation

EE 41139

Microwave Technique

39

BalancedMixer
themixercircuitconsistsoftwosingle
endedmixerswithmatched
characteristics,drivenwitha3dB
coupler
3dB
RF input hybrid
90o

LO input

EE 41139

IF output

diode 1
i1
i2
diode 2

+
LP filter

Microwave Technique

40

BalancedMixer
considerthatasmallrandomnoisevoltage,
vn(t),issuperimposedonthelocaloscillator
signal,thefirstordertermofthisnoise
voltagewillbecancelledinthisbalanced
mixer
v RF ( t ) v r cos r t v LO ( t ) [v o v n ( t )] cos o t
,,
v r v o , v n ( t ) v o

EE 41139

Microwave Technique

41

BalancedMixer
wehavea90ohybridsothatthevoltages
acrossthetwodiodesare
v 1 ( t ) v r cos( r t 90) (v o v n ) cos( o t 180)
v 1 ( t ) v r sin r t (v o v n ) cos o t

v 2 ( t ) v r cos( r t 180) (v o v n ) cos( o t 90)

v 2 ( t ) v r cos r t (v o v n ) sin o t

EE 41139

Microwave Technique

42

BalancedMixer
theVIcharacteristicofthediodeis
2 ....
i

a
v

a
v
givenbyo 1
2
notethatthequadratictermofthewill
giverisetothedesiremixerproductand
thedirectionsofDiode1andDiode2are
reversed,wehave
i1 kv 12 , i 2 kv 22

EE 41139

Microwave Technique

43

BalancedMixer
thediodecurrents,afterpassingthrough
alowpassfilter,consistofaDCterm,
thenoisetermandtheIFterm:
1
1
i1 k[ v r2 (v o v n ) 2 v r (v o v n ) sin i t ]
2
2
1
1
i 2 k[ v r2 (v o v n ) 2 v r (v o v n ) sin i t ], i r o
2
2

EE 41139

Microwave Technique

44

BalancedMixer
summingthetwocurrents,wehave
i i1 i 2 2kv r (v o v n ) sin i t 2kv r v o sin i t

therefore,thefirstordertermofthe
noiseiseliminated

EE 41139

Microwave Technique

45

Tutorial 5
Designastopbandfilterbyincorporatinga
photonicbandgapstructureonthemicrostrip
line.Thestopbandfrequencyisdictatedby
theperiodicityofthePBGunitcell.Be
creativeingeneratingtheshapeofthePBG.
Firstcheckyourdesignbysimulationsusing
Ensemble.Fabricateyourdesignandcompare
yourresultswithsimulations.

EE 41139

Microwave Technique

46