HYDROLOGY

CIEN 3183
ENGR. MARICON LOURDES G. CONCEPCION -REBAYA

GRADING SYSTEM
First Grading:
(ME) Midterm Examination
(CS) Class Standing
(MG) Midterm Grade = 1/3 (ME) + 2/3 (CS)

Second Grading:
(FE) Final Examination
(CS) Class Standing
(SG) Second Grade = 1/3 (FE) + 2/3 (CS)

Final Grade = (ME + SG) / 2

REFERENCES

Engineering Hydrology
by: K. Subramanya

Hydrology for Engineers

by: Ray K. Linsley, et. al.

Hydrology and Floodplain Analysis

by: Philip B. Bedient, et. al.

TOPICS FOR REPORTING

Runof

I.

Definition of Runof
Portions of Runof
Runof Process
Surface Runof
Channel Runof
Factors Afecting Runof
Runof Cycle
Conditions of Runof Cycle
Summary of Rainfall Runof Cycle

TOPICS FOR REPORTING

Group 1:

Group 3:

Groundwater Hydrology
Ground Water
Subsurface Zones
Water Table
Interstices
Porosity
Permeability

Ground Water Reservoir

Geologic Formations
Aquifers
Aquifer Sustainability
Ground Water Flow
Types of Aquifers
Group 4:

Group 2:
Water Yielding Properties
Specific Yield and Specific Retention
Darcys Law
Coefficient of Permeability
Permeability vs. Hydraulic Conductivity
Applicability of Darcys Law
Homogeneity / Heterogeneity
Isotropy / Anisotropy
Combinations
Steady State vs. Transient Flow
Transmissivity (or Coefficient of Transmissibility)
Storativity (or Storage Coefficient)

Well

Hydraulics
Wells
Determination of Discharge from Open Wells
Construction of Open Wells
Tube Wells
Main Parts of a Tube Well
Types of Tube Wells

TOPICS FOR REPORTING

III.

Water Yielding Properties

Specific Yield and Specific Retention
Darcys Law
Coefficient of Permeability
Permeability vs. Hydraulic Conductivity
Applicability of Darcys Law
Homogeneity / Heterogeneity
Isotropy / Anisotropy
Combinations
Steady State vs. Transient Flow
Transmissivity (or Coefficient of Transmissibility)
Storativity (or Storage Coefficient)

TOPICS FOR REPORTING

IV.

Ground Water Reservoir

Geologic Formations
Aquifers
Aquifer Sustainability
Ground Water Flow
Types of Aquifers

TOPICS FOR REPORTING

Well Hydraulics

V.

Wells
Determination of Discharge from Open Wells
Construction of Open Wells
Tube Wells
Main Parts of a Tube Well
Types of Tube Wells

Introduction

Water is the most abundant substance on earth, the

principal constituent of all the living things, and a
major force constantly shaping the surface of the
earth.

It is also a key factor in air-conditioning the earth for

human existence and in influencing the progress of
civilization.

Hydrology, which treats all phases of the earths

water, is a subject of great importance for people
and their environment.

Definition of Hydrology

Hydrology treats of the waters of the Earth,

occurrence, circulation, and distribution,
chemical and physical properties, and
reaction with their environment, including
relation to living things.

their
their
their
their

The domain of hydrology embraces the full life

history of water on the Earth. Engineering
hydrology includes those segments of the field
pertinent to planning, design, and operation of
engineering projects for the control and use of
water.

Definition of Hydrology

Hydrology is a multidisciplinary subject that deals with

the occurrence, circulation, and distribution of the waters
of the Earth.

The domain of hydrology embraces the physical,

chemical, and biological reactions of water in natural and
man-made environments.

Because of the complex nature of the hydrologic cycle

and its relation to weather patterns, soil types, and other
geologic factors, the boundaries between hydrology and
other earth sciences such as meteorology, geology,
ecology and oceanography are not distinct.

Definition of Hydrology

Hydrology is the study of the movement,

distribution, and quality of water throughout
the Earth, including the hydrologic cycle,
water
resources
and
environmental
watershed sustainability.

Hydrology in Engineering

Hydrology is used in engineering mainly in

connection with the design and operation of
hydraulic structures. These are the typical questions
that the hydrologist is expected to answer:
What flood flows can be expected over a spillway, at a
highway culvert, or in an urban storm drainage system?
What reservoir capacity is required to assure adequate
water for irrigation of municipal water supply during
droughts?
What efect will reservoirs, levees, and other control works
exert on flood flows in a stream?
What are reasonable boundaries for the floodplain?

Application of Hydrology
Design
and
operations
of
hydraulic
structures
Water supply
Wastewater treatment and disposal
Irrigation
Drainage
Hydropower generation

Application of Hydrology
Flood control
Navigation
Erosion and sediment control
Salinity control
Pollution abatement
Recreational use of water
Fish and wildlife protection

Hydrologic Cycle

Hydrologic Cycle

The hydrologic cycle is a continuous process in which water

is evaporated from the oceans, moves inland as moist air
masses, and produces precipitation if the correct conditions
exist.

The precipitation that falls on the land surface is dispersed via

several pathways. A portion of the precipitation, or rainfall, is
retained in the soil near where it falls and returns to the
atmosphere by evaporation, the conversion of water to water
vapor, and transpiration, the loss of water vapor through
plant tissue.

The combined loss, called evapotranspiration, is a maximum

value if the water supply in the soil is adequate at all times.

Hydrologic Cycle

Another portion becomes overland inflow or direct

runof, which feeds local streams and rivers. Finally,
some water enters the soil system as infiltration and
may reenter channels later as interflow or may
percolate to the deeper ground water system.

Surface and ground water move toward lower

elevations and may eventually discharge into the ocean.

However, large quantities of surface water and portions

of ground water may return to the atmosphere by
evaporation and evapotranspiration.

Hydrologic Cycle Summary

Precipitation: Rainfall. Condensed

that falls to the Earth's surface

water

vapor

Evaporation: The conversion of water to water

vapor. The transformation of water from liquid to
gas phases as it moves from the ground or bodies of
water into the overlying atmosphere.

Transpiration:The loss of water vapor through

plant tissue. The release of water vapor from plants
and soil into the air. Water vapor is a gas that
cannot be seen.

Hydrologic Cycle Summary

Evapotranspiration: Combined loss

Runof: The variety of ways by which water moves across

the land. This includes both surface runof and channel
runof. As it flows, the water may seep into the ground,
evaporate into the air, become stored in lakes or reservoirs,
or be extracted for agricultural or other human uses.

Infiltration: Water enters the soil and may reenter channels

later as interflow or may percolate to the deeper ground
water system. The flow of water from the ground surface
into the ground. Once infiltrated, the water becomes soil
moisture or groundwater.

Understanding the Water

Cycle

The world's total volume of water is in many

diferent forms:
Liquid- oceans, rivers and rain
Solid- glaciers
Gas- invisible water vapor in the air

Water changes states as it is moved around

the planet by wind currents.

Water Resources

Icecaps and Glaciers

68.7%
Saline (Oceans)
97%

Fresh water
3%
Earths water

Groundwater
30.1%
Surface water
0.3%
Others
0.9%

Freshwater

Lakes
87%

Swamps
11%
Rivers
2%

Fresh surface water

Sources of Natural Drinking

Water

Groundwater

Surface
Water

is water in a
river,lakeor
fresh
waterwetland.
Surface water is
naturally

is fresh water
located in
theporespace
of soil
androcks

water that is
flowing within
aquifersbelow
thewater
table

Rainwater

Seawater

is water that
has the
property of
salinity and
temperature
which controls
the density of
the water.

is precipitation
that is collected
from relatively
clean, aboveground surfaces
- usually
rooftops.

Water Balance

In hydrology, a water balance equation can be used

to describe the flow of water in and out of a system.

A system can be one of several hydrological domains,

such as a column of soil or a drainage basin.

Water balance can also refer to the ways in which an

organism maintains water in dry or hot conditions. It
is often discussed in reference to plants or
arthropods, which have a variety of water retention
mechanisms, including a lipid waxy coating that has
limited permeability.

Water Balance
For any hydrologic system, a water budget can be
developed to account for various flow pathways and
storage components. The simplest system is an impervious
inclined plane, confined on all four sides with a single
outlet. A small urban parking lot follows such a model. The
hydrologic continuity equation for any system is:

where,
I = inflow, vol/time
O = outflow, vol/time
dS/dt= change in storage, vol/time

Water Balance
A general water balance equation is:
P = R + ET + G + S
where,
P = precipitation
R = surface runof
G = ground water flow or Infiltration
E = evaporation
T = transpiration
S = change in storage

Water Balance

As rainfall accumulates on the surface, the surface

detention increases and eventually becomes outflow
from the system.

Neglecting evaporation for the period of, but delayed

somewhat in time.

The diference between accumulated inflow and outflow

at any time represents the change in storage.

The same concept can be applied to small basins or large

watershed, with the added difficulty that all loss terms in
the hydrologic budget may not be known.

Water Balance

A watershed is defined as an area of land

that drains to a single outlet and is
separated from other watersheds by a
watershed divide.

Water Balance

For a given time period, a conceptual mathematical model

of the overall budget for the hydrologic cycle would
become, in units of depth (in or cm) over the basin.
P R G E T = S

where,
P = precipitation
R = surface runof
G = ground water flow
E = evaporation
T = transpiration
S = change in storage

Water Balance

A runof coefficient can be defined as the

ratio R/P. Note that infiltration I is the loss
from the surface system and a gain to the
ground water and thus cancels out of the
overall budget.

Also, the units of inches (or cm) represents

a volume of water when multiplied by the
surface area of the watershed.

Water Balance
Example:
1.

In a given year, a watershed with an area of 2,500

km2 received 130 cm of precipitation. The average
rate of flow measured in a river draining the
watershed was 30m3/s. Estimate the amount of
water lost due to the combined efects of
evaporation, transpiration, and infiltration to
ground water. How much runof reached the river
for the year (in cm)? What is the runof coefficient?
Assume that water levels are the same throughout
the year, thus, no change in storage.

Water Balance
Solution:
Problem 1:
Given:
A = 2,500 km2
P = 130 cm
R = 30 m3/s
S = 0
t = 1 year
ET+G = ?

Water Balance
Solution:
I O = S
P R ET G = S
R = (30 m3/s)(86,400 s/day)(365 day/yr)(100 cm/m)(1 yr)
(2500 km2)(1000 m/km) 2
R = 37.90 cm
ET+G = 130 cm 37.90 cm = 92.1 cm
Runof Coefficient:
R/P = 37.90 / 130
R/P = 0.29

Water Balance
Example:
2.

A lake with a surface area of 525 acres was

monitored over a period of time. During a
one-month period, the inflow was 30 cfs, the
outflow was 27 cfs, and a 1.5 inch seepage
loss measured. During the same month, the
total
precipitation
was
4.25
inches.
Evaporation loss was estimated as 6.0 inches.
Estimate the storage change for this lake
during the month.

Water Balance
Solution:
Problem 2:
Given:
A = 525 acres
t = 1 month
I = 30 ft3/s
O = 27 ft3/s
S = 1.5 inches