Anda di halaman 1dari 27

Tooth Development

DR HASAN BABER
BDS,MSC(UK),PGDIP(UK)

In adult humans there are 32 permanent teeth.

These are preceded during childhood by 20 deciduous teeth.


The tooth lies in a bony socket, the alveolus, that is covered my an oral mucosa called the
gingiva (gums)

The gums consist of,


a. keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
b. lamina propria of loose connective tissue that lies directly adjacent to the bone of the alveolus.

Structure of the tooth


The tooth consist of two parts
The crown - the portion that protrudes above the gum line and is covered by enamel.
The root - the portion that extends into the alveolus

Internally, the tooth consists of a layer of dentin that surrounds a pulp consisting of loose
connective tissue, nerves and blood vessels.
In the dentin, directly adjacent to the pulp is a layer of specialized cells called odontoblasts
- secrete organic matrix that mineralizes and forms the dentin.

Dentin is covered by a layer of calcified organic matrix - the enamel


a. Hardest substance in body
b. Formed by cells called ameloblasts before tooth erupts from socket
Root region
Dentin is covered by calcified organic matrix - the cementum - similar to bone, but no haversian system
Between the cementum and the bone of the socket lies the periodontal ligament - consists of fibroblasts and
collagen fibers with glycosaminoglycan's in between.

DEVELOPMENT OF TOOTH
Tooth development begins during 5th 6th week of gestation
Development of tooth occurs in 6 stages;
Initiation stage-Germinal tissue is formed(Dental lamina-6-7 week)
Bud stage-Here the analge responsible for enamel development forms8th week
Cap stage- 9th to 10th week
Bell stage- 11-12th week
Apposition/Calcification stage
Tooth eruption

Initial stage
Involves the physiologic process of induction
Induction of ectodermal tissues by the developing mesenchyme
At the 6th week the stomatodeum is lined with ectoderm outer portion is the
Oral epithelium
-This gives rise to the primary epithelial bands
-Also is a developing mesenchyme which contains neural crest cells that have
migrated to the area
-A basement membrane separates the developing oral epithelium and
mesenchyme

Primary epithelial bands: Horseshoe-shaped bands that appear approximately around the 37th day of development, one for
each jaw.
-There are two subdivisions: vestibular lamina and dental lamina
-The dental lamina develops a series of epithelial outgrowths - grow deep into the mesenchyme
-develops in the future spot for the
dental arches
-will form the midline for these arches
-arches then form posteriorly from this
point
-the ingrowths represent the future sites
for each deciduous tooth
-The vestibular lamina cells rapidly enlarge and then degenerate forms a cleft that becomes the vestibule of the oral cavity

BUD STAGE
Marked by the invagination of epithelium into the mesenchyme
Period of extensive proliferation and growth of the dental lamina
Forms into buds or oral masses that penetrate into the mesenchyme
each tooth bud is surrounded by the mesenchyme
buds + mesenchyme develop into the tooth germ and the associated tissues of the
tooth
this developing tooth forms from both the ectoderm and mesenchyme and from
neural crest cells that have migrated into the mesenchyme

BUD STAGE

1.Tooth bud
2.Oral epithelium
3.Mesenchyme

CAP STAGE
Characterized by continuation of the ingrowth of the oral epithelium into the
mesenchyme.
Tooth bud of the dental lamina proliferates unequally in different parts of the bud
Forms a cap shaped tissue attached to the remaining dental lamina
Looks like a cap sitting on a ball of condensing mesenchyme
This stage marks the beginning of histodifferentiation (differentiation of tissues)
The tooth germ also begins to take on form start of morphodifferentiation
A depression forms in the deepest part of each tooth bud and forms the cap or
enamel organ (or dental organ) produces the future enamel (ectodermal origin)
Below this cap is a condensing mass of mesenchyme dental papilla produces the
future dentin and pulp tissue (mesenchymal origin)
The basement membrane separating the dental organ and the dental papilla becomes
the future site for the dentinoenamel junction (DEJ)
Remaining mesenchyme surrounds the dental/enamel organ and condenses to form
the dental sac or the dental follicle

Together the enamel organ + dental papilla + dental follicle is considered the
developing tooth germ or tooth primordium
These primordium will be housed in the developing dental arches and will develop
into the primary dentition

BELL STAGE
Continuation of histodifferentiation and morphodifferentiation
Cap shape then assumes a more bell-like shape
differentiation produces four types of cells within the enamel/dental organ
1. inner enamel epithelium
2. outer enamel epithelium
3. stellate reticulum
4. stratum intermedium
During the bell stage the dental lamina is separated from the dental organ
the dental papilla undergoes differentiation and produces two types of cells
1. outer cells of the DP forms the dentin-secreting cells (odontoblasts)
2. central cells of the DP forms the primordium of the pulp
Dental sac increases its collagen content and differentiates at a later stage than the
EO and DP

Differentiation of dental/enamel organ


outer enamel epithelium (OEE) cuboidal shape
protective barrier during enamel production
may also be called the outer dental epithelium
very little cytoplasm
cells are separated from the dental follicle by a basement membrane
inner enamel epithelium (IEE)
short, columnar cells
differentiates into the enamel secreting cells = ameloblasts
separated from the dental papilla below it by a basement membrane also
cells accumulate large amounts of glycogen
may also be called the inner dental epithelium
the IEE and OEE are continuous
region where they connect curved rim of the EO = cervical loop
stellate reticulum
star-shaped cells in many layers
center of the enamel organ
forms a network = reticulum
supports production of enamel
stratum intermedium
inner layer of compressed flat to cuboidal cells
very high levels of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase
supports production of enamel

TOOTH DEVELOPMENT AT A GLANCE

Cap and Bell stages & Permanent teeth

During the cap stage the development of the permanent dentition begins anterior teeth

The primordia for these teeth appears as an extension off the developing dental lamina

Penetrates into the mesenchyme lingual to the primary primordium

Its site of origin is called the successional dental lamina

These permanent teeth are called succedaneous teeth


(anterior teeth and the premolars)
Teeth that form with the primary tooth buds (primary predecessors)
Permanent molars are non-succedaneous
They are formed by posterior
proliferation of the dental lamina.

APPOSITIONAL STAGE
Secretion of enamel, dentin and cementum
These tissues are initially secreted as a matrix that is partially calcified serves
as a framework for later calcification
Time period varies
Multiple inductions occur between the ectodermal tissues of the enamel organ
and the mesenchymal tissues of the dental papillae and dental sac
these inductions are crucial for the production of enamel, dentin and
cementum
these interactions are mediated by the basement membrane found in between
these ectodermal and mesenchymal tissues

MATURATION STAGE
Characterized by completion of calcification

ROOT FORMATION

Takes place as the crown is completely shaped and the tooth begins to erupt
Therefore the tooth forms from the top down i.e. crown to root
Root formation is through the formation of a cervical loop
The CL is the most cervical portion of the enamel/dental organ two layers
consisting of IEE and OEE
The CL begins to grow down into the dental sac elongates and moves away
from the dental papilla
It forms a Hertwig's root sheath
Rim of the sheath = epithelial diaphragm encloses the developing primary
alveolar foramen
Also grows down to encompass all but the basal portion of the pulp
This sheath shapes the root and induces dentin formation in the root area by the
ODs of the dental papilla
ensures that it is continuous with the crown dentin
This sheath lacks the stellate reticulum and stratum intermedium
Is capable of differentiating into ODs BUT NOT ABs

A:The root is beginning to form as an extension of the inner and outer dental epithelia in the cervical
loop region (circles) which form a bilayered structure called Hertwigs epithelial root sheath.
B. formation of dentin by odontoblasts above the root
sheath

Periodontal ligament formation

The surrounding tissues of the tooth also develop as the crown and root form
The mesenchyme of the dental sac condenses to form the periodontal ligament
Forms adjacent to the new cementum
Involves synthesis of collagen and bundling into fibers
Ends of these fibers insert into the outer layer of cementum and surrounding
alveolar bone
The cells of the disintegrating H. root sheath develop into discrete islands of
epithelial cells
become epithelial rests of Malassez
cells become located in the mature periodontal ligament
no known function
they can be identified in the periodontal ligament and are responsible for the
development of radicular cysts.

Recommended Reading
Tencates Oral Histology,development,structure and function: Chapter
5
Textbook of Oral biology (James,H Shaw,Edward,A Sweeney)

THANKYOU

Anda mungkin juga menyukai