Source Models

Vapor flow through holes and

pipes

Vapor flow though holes &

pipes
Vapor flow through holes
Steady flow of vapor through pipes
Example

Liquid versus Vapor flow

Liquids
Incompressible flow

Vapors
Compressible flow

Kinetic energy term

is negligible

Physical properties
(density) constant

Energy from
pressure converted
to kinetic energy
Temperature,
pressure, density
all change when
going through a
hole or down a pipe

Vapor flow though holes &

pipes
Vapor flow through holes

Throttling release
Free Expansion
Non choked or subsonic
Choked, critical or sonic

Steady flow of vapor through pipes

Example

Vapor flow through holes

Throttling flow

Small cracks large frictional loses

Not much energy due to pressure is
converted to kinetic
Models require detailed information
on physical structure of leak

Throttling flow
A throttling device is a valve or
crack or porous material with high
resistance to flow that results in a
large pressure drop.

Throttling flow
First law of thermodynamics

dE
Q& W&s m&in (h e p ek )in m&out (h e p ek )out
dt
Assume Steady state
Adiabatic
Negligible potential and Kinetic energy effects
Single inlet and outlet
No shaft work

Throttling flow
Hence the process is isenthalpic
Consider the temperature as a
function of pressure and enthalpy

dT f T ( P, h )

Throttling flow
Take partial

dT
dP
P h

dh
P

Definition of Joule-Thomsen
coefficient
T

P h

Throttling flow
T
If isenthalpic then 0
h P

Integrate out

out

Tout Tin

dP

in

Most gases have positive JouleThomsen coefficient so as pressure

drops, temperature drops

Vapor flow though holes &

pipes
Vapor flow through holes

Throttling release
Free Expansion
Non choked or subsonic
Choked, critical or sonic

Steady flow of vapor through pipes

Example

Vapor flow through holes

Free Expansion
Assume
Negligible potential
(Z=0)
No shaft work
Ws=0

Vapor flow through holes

Mechanical Energy Balance

u2
dP
g
Ws
2 gc gc Z F m&
Friction through hole is defined as
before
dP
dP
2
F
C1

Vapor flow through holes

Need to have density as a function
of pressure to solve integral
Assume isentropic flow

P
Pv constant

Cp
Cv

Vapor flow through holes

Substitute all into MEB and
integrate
You end up with velocity as function of
several terms

u f P, P0 , T0 , properties

Q&m uA

As before, mass flow rate from velocity

Vapor flow through holes

Design equation for subsonic flow
through holes Eq. 4-38

2
g
M

P
P

c
&
Qm C0 AP0

RgT0 1 P0 P0

Vapor flow though holes &

pipes
Vapor flow through holes

Throttling release
Free Expansion
Non choked or subsonic
Choked, critical or sonic

Steady flow of vapor through pipes

Example

Choked flow through holes

As you lower the down stream pressure (or
increase upstream pressure) the velocity
increases until it reaches a critical velocity,
the sonic velocity, or speed of sound.
After that the velocity becomes
independent of pressure. Downstream
conditions no longer have an effect on
velocity.

Choked flow through holes

For choked, critical or sonic flow

u a ( SpeedOfSound ) g c RgT / M
So at choked conditions Eq. 4-40
&
Q
m

choked

gc M
C0 AP0
Rg T0

2
1

1
1

For sharp edged orifice C0=0.61,

Worst case scenario C0=1.0

Choked flow through holes

Pchoked 2

P0

Pchoked

Monotonic

~1.67

0.487P0

Diatomic (air)

~1.40

0.528P0

Triatomic

~1.32

0.542P0

Gas

Vapor flow though holes &

pipes
Vapor flow through holes
Steady flow of vapor through pipes

Adiabatic flow of vapor through pipes

Non choked flows
Choked flows

Isothermal flow of vapor through pipes

Non choked flows
Choked flows

Example

Vapor flow through pipes

There are two cases which we can
derive (with much work) relationships
for flow of vapors through pipes

Adiabatic which assumes well insulated

walls, no energy loss to surroundings

Isothermal which assumes constant wall

temperature (submerged pipe)

Vapor flow though holes &

pipes
Vapor flow through holes
Steady flow of vapor through pipes

Adiabatic flow of vapor through pipes

Non choked flows
Choked flows

Isothermal flow of vapor through pipes

Non choked flows
Choked flows

Example

Adiabatic vapor flow in

pipes
For compressible
flow it is best to
work things out in
terms of the Mach
number, Ma.

u
Ma
a

Adiabatic vapor flow through

pipes
The book doesnt even attempt to
go through the derivations, just
gives the equations.
As before, we need to consider
both nonchoked and choked flow.

Adiabatic vapor flow through

pipes
For most problems you know

L length of pipe
d diameter of pipe
T1, P1 upstream temperature, pressure
P2 downstream pressure

To get mass flow rate Qm (mass/time)

from G, mass flux, (mass/area*time) use
Qm=G*A

Adiabatic non choked flows in

pipes
1) Find pipe roughness from Table 4-1
2) Determine f from Eq. 4-27
1
d

4 log 3.7

3) Determine T2 from Eq. 4-51 (trial & error)

4) Calculation G from Eq. 4-52
5) Calculate Reynolds number to verify Eq 427 is valid

Adiabatic Choked flows in

pipes
1) Find roughness from Table 4-1
2) Determine f from Eq 4-27
3) Determine Ma1 from Eq 4-57 (use 446 to get Y1) (usually trial & error)

4) Determine mass flux, Gchoked Eq. 4-56

5) Determine Pchoked from Eq 4-54
6) Double check Reynolds number

Vapor flow though holes &

pipes
Vapor flow through holes
Steady flow of vapor through pipes

Adiabatic flow of vapor through pipes

Isothermal flow of vapor through
pipes
Non choked flows
Choked flows

Example

Isothermal non choked

flows
1)
2)
3)
4)

Find roughness from Table 4-1

Determine f from Eq. 4-27
Compute G from Eq. 4-63
Double check Reynolds number

For isothermal non choked flow no

need for trial and error, nice
analytical equations

Isothermal choked flows

1) Find roughness from Table 4-1
2) Find f from Eq. 4-27
3) Determine Ma1 from Eq. 4-71 (trial
and error)
4) Determine G from Eq. 4-70
5) Double check the Reynolds
number

Vapor flow though holes &

pipes
Vapor flow through holes
Steady flow of vapor through pipes
Example