Network Design Basics

MM Clements

Introduction
Subnetting

Review
LAN review
Applying network numbering
Adding more LANs
Adding another router
Network numbering again
Routing introduction
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Subnetting
The

IPv4 address is 32 bits long

Broken into dotted decimal for us humans

e.g. 135.35.235.14

We

need to use binary to work out subnetting

Vital to understand decimal to binary
conversion and vice versa

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Network and Host

IP

address has 2 parts network and host

This cannot be seen from the IP address
alone
We need a way to show the boundary
This is done with the subnet mask which is a
32 bit number
S/M uses 1s to show the network portion and
0s to show the host portion
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Subnet Mask
Router

performs logical AND with IP address

and the subnet mask
Reveals the network this is all that is
required when routing across internetworks
Host part only required at destination LAN
Can be represented using slash notation
Simply count the 1s in the subnet mask
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Use host 195.60.61.24 as an example

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LAN Review
LAN

is a group of hosts in a broadcast domain

Broadcast crosses layer 2 devices
Does not pass layer 3 e.g. routers
Router interface defines extent of a LAN
Need Ethernet interface to create an Ethernet
LAN
Ethernet interface is normally given the lowest
usable IP address in the IP range
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Defining IP Range
How

many host addresses required in LAN?

Consider future expansion too at 10 25%
Number of host IPs available = 2n -2 where n
= number of host bits
E.g. 200 hosts requires 8 bits
28 -2 = 254.. Plenty of addresses even
including expansion
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Applying to router interface

In

Packet Tracer 5.x, choose a router and

make sure it has sufficient Ethernet interfaces
If not, add WIC or NMs that do have Ethernet
Choose lowest available IP address from the /
24 range of addresses that you have chosen
Allocate this to the Ethernet interface
Make sure that the correct S/M is entered
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Adding more LANs

More

LANs can be added to the same router

Add sufficient Ethernet interfaces
Number the interfaces as previously
Packet Tracer will give an error if addresses
overlap
PCs on LAN will need to be numbered

Also need to know default gateway IP (router)

This
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could be manual or via DHCP

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LANs on same router

LANs

on same router can communicate

Router can see both interfaces
No need for routing protocol here
Use ping to check communications
show ip route command displays routers
routing table
Any network that appears in the routing table
can be communicated with by router
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Adding another router

Make sure routers have at least one serial interface

add these in Physical Device View
Connect the serial interfaces between both routers and
decide which interface will have the clock

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Usually interface closest to network core

This is now the DCE interface

Decide on a clock rate 64000 is common but slow
Apply the clockrate to the DCE interface only
Non-clocked interface is known as DTE
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Numbering serial interfaces

Serial

link will only ever have 2 hosts

It would be a waste to add a /24 address range
Solution is to use /30 address range
/30 subnet has only 2 host addresses
Apply these to the serial interfaces
Make sure the interface is turned on
show ip interface brief command will
give a summary of the interface states
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Troubleshooting

Screenshot above shows that Serial 0/1 interface is not functioning.

It has IP address but its Status is administratively down and
Protocol is down
Check that the interface is actually turned on
CLI uses no shutdown command to activate an interface
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Add LAN to second router

Apply

numbering to new Ethernet LAN

interface on the 2nd router
Add some host PCs they need IP addressing
Manual configuration or DHCP is OK
LAN on first router cannot connect to second
routers LAN
Examine routing table to discover why
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Routing table

Router can only see connected networks C = connected, look at

Codes
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Router communications

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Router will need to know how to get to the other

LANs
This information is learned by a routing protocol
Packet tracer implements RIP, OSPF and EIGRP
Implement a routing protocol on all routers in the
network
Compare the routing table now
How did it learn about the other LANs?
Check the codes to see which routing protocol was
used
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Routing Table

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Routing Protocols
Routing

can be either static or dynamic

Routing protocols allow for dynamic routing
Changes to network are automatically
catered for
2 types of dynamic routing protocols exist
Link State and Distance Vector
More next week
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Summary
Address

Ethernet interfaces on router

Lowest IP address on LAN for interface
Add WICs or NMs as needed
Use /30 between routers on serial interfaces
Choose DCE and DTE on serial links
A routing protocol is needed to send data
between 2 routers
Practical work reinforces these concepts
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