Basics of Multimedia Technology

Basics of Multimedia
Technology: Lecture 3
Multimedia Devices,
CD Technology
Ram Chatterjee : Asst. Prof.(CSE)
Multimedia Systems
Can be categorized based on functionality as
below:
Multimedia
Presentation Systems (for user)
Multimedia
Development Systems (for
developer)
Ram Chatterjee : Asst. Pro
f.(CSE)
Multimedia Presentation
Systems
PC with high resolution

screen
CD-ROM drive
speakers and
microphone

f.(CSE)
Multimedia Development
Systems
Includes the following:
software toolkit for development work
software library for support functions
libraries of clip art, music and video
Related hardware
Development systems has more resources and utilities.
Presentation systems must be checked to have the required

components and resources.
f.(CSE)
Six Categories of Multimedia

Devices
Analog Media Devices

Digital Media Devices
General Purpose Devices
Synchronization Devices
Interaction Devices
Multimedia Platforms

f.(CSE)
1. Analog Media Devices

These
devices deal with analog media, but may

be under computer control
Divided
into 3 sub categories :
Sources
Filters
Sinks
f.(CSE)
Sources (Analog Input)
Microphone
Video
Camera
Photographic Camera

f.(CSE)
Filters (Analog Processing)
Analog
Video Effects Device

Analog Audio Effects Device
Audio Mixer

f.(CSE)
Sinks (Analog Output/Storing)
Speaker
Video
Display
Video Tape Recorder
Audio Tape Recorder

f.(CSE)
2. Digital Media Devices
These
Can
devices deal with digital signal.
be divided into 3 sub categories :
Capturing devices
Processing devices
Presentation devices
f.(CSE)
Capturing Devices (Input)
Keyboard
Image
Scanner
OCR device

f.(CSE)
Processing Devices
Video
Encoder/Decoder
Audio Encoder/Decoder
Digital Video Effects Device
Digital Audio Effect Device

f.(CSE)
Presentation Devices (Output)
Printer
Monitor
Projector

f.(CSE)
3. General Purpose Devices
Examples:
storage devices like CD-ROM,

floppy drive, hard drive, network interface,
and general purpose processors
Most devices are digital

f.(CSE)
4. Interaction Devices
Multimedia
application means ability to

interact within the application itself
Interaction devices enable user direct control
over the multimedia application behavior
Examples: keyboard, mouse, joystick,
electronic pen

f.(CSE)
5. Synchronization Devices
Simultaneous
presentation using multiple media

(text,audio,video etc).
Requires
hardware assistance to maintain proper
timing.
Example:
sync generator in audio and video

studios, Macromedia Flash, computer games etc.
f.(CSE)
6. Multimedia Platform
A true multimedia platform integrates and
combines various multimedia devices and
components
Apple Macintosh
Popularized the graphical user interface

Popularized computer graphics
Native sound file formats (aiff & mid)
Native digital video file format (QuickTime)
IBM Compatible PC
Original emphasis was on business computing
f.(CSE)
History
1973 Video Long Play (VLP) published
1983 Compact Disc Digital Audio (CD-DA)
available: the Red Book standard
1985 Compact Disc Read Only Memory (CD-ROM):
- Yellow Book standard for physical format
- ISO 9660 standard for logical file format
1986 Compact Disc Interactive (CD-I)
announcement: the Green Book standard
1987 Digital Video Interactive (DVI): first presentation
1988 CD-ROM Extended Architecture
(CD-ROM-XA) announcement
1990 CD Write Once (CD-WO),
CD Magneto-Optical (CD-MO):
- the Orange Book standard
1996 Digital Video Disk
(DVD)
f.(CSE)
Fundamentals
Material
CD is a wafer of clear polycarbonate plastic and metal
(usually pure aluminum sputtered onto the polycarbonate
surface).
Working
As the disc spins in the CD player, light from tiny IR laser falls
on its metallic surface.
The light reflected from the CD surface is collected by a lightsensitive receiver diode.
The reflected light is then converted into an electric signal
and further converted to digital data.
Storage
All the information is stored in pits
Length of pit is (1-3) micron (1x10-6 m)
Width of pit is 0.5 micron
Depth of pit is 1/10 micron
f.(CSE)
Fundamentals
Information is stored in a spiral-shaped track:
Series of pits and lands in substrate layer
Transition from pit to land and from land to pit: 1
Between transitions: sequence of 0s
16000 turns/inch (tpi)
Reading: Laser focused onto reflective layer
Lands - almost totally reflecting the light
Pits scattering the light

f.(CSE)
Advantages of Optical Storage

Media
High data density
1.66 data bits/m of track
Inter-track density: 16000 tpi; (Magnetic diskette at 96 tpi)
Long term storage
Insensitive to magnetic/electric interference
Insensitive to dust, scratches
Low probability of head crashes
Distance between head and substrate surface > 1 mm
Adequate error correction
allows handling of many defects
Perception quality
e.g., each digital music disc is exactly equivalent to an
Ram Chatterjee
: Asst. Pro
important precursor
of the audio
CD.
f.(CSE)
CD Construction
Glass master is created using photolithographic
techniques.
The glass disc is coated with photo resistant
material (1/10 micron thick).
Laser beam is used to write a pattern of pits onto the
surface of photo resistant material.
All the exposed areas are washed away and finally
the disc is silvered.
This gives glass master with actual pit structure.

f.(CSE)
CD Construction
The
glass mater is then electroplated with

nickel.
The first plating stage is called father or metal

negative.
Then, by plating the surface of father, several
mothers or positives are obtained doing second
plating.
The third plating stage is called sons or stampers
and are used in injection molding machines.
f.(CSE)
CD-DA: Compact Disc Digital Audio

Goal
Storage of audio data
History
Development of basic technology by Philips
Cooperation of Philips N.V. and Sony Corporation
1983: CD-DA players and disks available in the market
Physical characteristics
Diameter: 120 mm
Constant linear velocity (CLV), i.e., number of
rotations/s depends on the position of the head
Track shape: one spiral with approx. 20000 turns
f.(CSE)
CD-DA: Characteristics
Audio data rate
Sampling frequency: 44,100 Hz
Quantization: 16 bits
Pulse code modulation (PCM)
Audio data rate = 1,411,200 bit/s = (~ 1.4 Mbit/s)
Quality
Signal to noise ratio (S/N): ~ 6 dB/bit, 16 bit
quantization => S/N exactly 98 dB
Capacity (without error correction data)
Playback time: maximal 74 min
Raw capacity =74 min x 1,411,200 bit/s = 6265728000 bit
~ 747 Mbyte
f.(CSE)
CD-DA: Pits and Lands
Length of pits and lands: multiples of 0.3 m

Bit Encoding
Transition from pit to land or from land to pit encodes a 1
Between two transitions: a sequence of 0s
f.(CSE)
CD-ROM: Compact Disc Read

Only Memory
CD-DA provides a suitable means for the handling of typical errors
caused by damage or dust. The CD-DA specification became
the base for a family of optical storage media.
Used for:
storing computer data.
read through CD-ROM drive.
But not conceived for:
video (different ECC, EDC scheme required).
discrete data (error rate too high).
simultaneous play back of various media.
f.(CSE)
CD-I: Compact Disc Interactive
Consumer electronics format that uses optical disk in

combination with computer to provide home entertainment
system.
Unlike CD-ROM drive, its a standalone system that requires
no external computer.
Plugs in directly with TV and stereo system & comes with
remote control to allow users to interact with s/w programs
sold on disks.
Note: CD-ROM, CD-ROM/XA and CD-I disks are mastered,
as opposed to burned.
f.(CSE)
CD-ROM/XA:
CD-ROM Extended Architecture
History
Philips N.V., Sony and Microsoft (announcement in 1988)
An extension of the Yellow Book standard
Goal: Simultaneous transfer of various media data
Interleaving of blocks of different media within the same
track
Definition of a new type of track used for:
- compressed audio (ADPCM) and video data
- images, text, programs
Special h/w in an XA drive controller to handle audio
playback.
f.(CSE)
XA: Extended Architecture

Drawbacks
Compatibility to audio and video compression
- For some media only reference to standard
- MPEG audio not compatible
(MPEG does not use ADPCM)
Interleaved storage of data of different types in the same
track:
- Requires special disc layout
- Requires effective interleaving with a choice of the
suitable audio level
- Complex application development
f.(CSE)
Photo Compact Disc:

Example of a CD Bridge Disc
Purpose: Storage of photos of high quality History
Eastman Kodak and N.V. Philips Company
1990 announcement of the Kodak Photo CD system
Characteristics
Based on CD Write Once (CD-WO)
Readable with:
- Photo CD players
- CD-I players
- CD-ROM/XA players
Written by:
- Special Photo CD writers and CD-WO writers
Capabilities
New professional and private application areas
Simultaneous display
of several images
Image editing f.(CSE)
CD-WO: Compact Disc Write Once

Defined in the Orange Book Standard Part II
A raw CD-WO has:
a pre-grooven track
an absorption layer between the substrate and the
reflective layer
Recording: an irreversible change of the reflection
characteristics by heating up the absorption layer
(burning)
The CD-WO can be played in CD-DA players.
f.(CSE)
CD-MO: Features and Principles

Definition in the Orange Book Standard Part I
High capacity (double-sided): about 650 MByte
Data transfer rate: about 1.2 Mbit/s
Features
write data
read data
erase data
rewrite data

f.(CSE)
CD-MO: Features and Principles

Principles of the magneto-optical technique
Write:
- Heat up the blocks
- Apply about 10 x earth magnetic field
- Polarization of single elements
Erase:
- Use a constant magnetic field
- Simultaneously heat up the block
Read:
- Polarization of light is influenced by magnetic
characteristics

f.(CSE)
DVD: Digital Video Disk

Also known as: Digital Versatile Disk
Goal: to create a new optical medium to store an entire highquality digital movie on one disk.
Formats
single-sided single-layer
single-sided double-layer: laser must switch focus to read
the other layer
double-sided: disk must be flipped over to read the other
side

f.(CSE)
DVD
Technical Overview
CD-like optical storage medium

Capacity considerably higher than CD
pits and lands shorter
tracks more narrow

f.(CSE)
CD vs. DVD

f.(CSE)
DVD: Variants
DVD Read Only Specification (DVD-ROM, Book A):
Storage medium with high capacity, successor of the CDROM
DVD Video Specification (DVD-Video, Book B):
Special application of the DVD for the distribution of
linear video streams
DVD Audio Specification (DVD-Audio, Book C):
Special application of the DVD for the distribution of pure
audio data, similar to the CD-DA
DVD Recordable Specification (DVD-R, Book D):
Variant of the DVD that allows to record once
DVD Rewriteable Specification (DVD-RW, Book E):
Variant of the DVD that allows to record several times.
Also called DVD-RAM (Random Access Memory)
f.(CSE)
CD Standards
Red Book (CD-DA format)
Launched in 1979 by Philips & Sony.

Audio CDs can store upto 72 min. of high quality audio.
Sample size: 16 bits.
Sample rate: 44.1 Khz.
Identified by words Digital Audio printed below the logo.
CD+G CD+Graphics
Allows producer to add still graphics to a CD-DA disk.
Note: All CDs at music stores are based on CD-DA format.

f.(CSE)
CD Standards
Yellow
Book (CD-ROM format)
Extension of CD-DA.
Announced by Philips & Sony in 1985.
Provides two modes:
Mode 1: for computer data.

Mode 2: for compressed Images, audio data and
video data.
Identified
by words Data Storage below the
logo.
f.(CSE)
CD Standards
Orange
Specifications for recordable CD

Has two parts:
Part 1: covers CD-MO

Part 2: covers CD-WO
Ex: Photo CD stores image captured by image

scanner in accordance with part 2 of orange book.
Has multi-session storage.

f.(CSE)
CD Standards
Green
Developed by Philips, Sony & Matsushita in 1987.

Published as new standard- Green Book for CD-I.
It is self-contained computer system with own
processor unit with specific audio, video, control
h/w and CD drive.
A standard TV display is used for output.

f.(CSE)
CD Standards
White
Book (Video CD)
Supports text, graphics, CD quality audio & FSFM

video.
Developed as a joint effort of Philips and Victor
company of Japan.
Also supported by Panasonic & Sony.
Uses- MPEG-I Compression Standards.

f.(CSE)

Basics of Multimedia Technology

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Basics of Multimedia Technology

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Basics of Multimedia

Ram Chatterjee : Asst. Prof.(CSE)

Presentation Systems (for user)

Development Systems (for

PC with high resolution

Ram Chatterjee : Asst. Pro

Development systems has more resources and utilities.

Presentation systems must be checked to have the required

Six Categories of Multimedia

Analog Media Devices

Ram Chatterjee : Asst. Pro

1. Analog Media Devices

devices deal with analog media, but may

into 3 sub categories :

Sources (Analog Input)

Ram Chatterjee : Asst. Pro

Filters (Analog Processing)

Video Effects Device

Ram Chatterjee : Asst. Pro

Sinks (Analog Output/Storing)

Ram Chatterjee : Asst. Pro

2. Digital Media Devices

devices deal with digital signal.

be divided into 3 sub categories :

Capturing Devices (Input)

Ram Chatterjee : Asst. Pro

Ram Chatterjee : Asst. Pro

Presentation Devices (Output)

Ram Chatterjee : Asst. Pro

3. General Purpose Devices

storage devices like CD-ROM,

Ram Chatterjee : Asst. Pro

application means ability to

Ram Chatterjee : Asst. Pro

presentation using multiple media

hardware assistance to maintain proper

sync generator in audio and video

Popularized the graphical user interface

Ram Chatterjee : Asst. Pro

Advantages of Optical Storage

Ram Chatterjee : Asst. Pro

glass mater is then electroplated with

The first plating stage is called father or metal

CD-DA: Compact Disc Digital Audio

CD-DA: Pits and Lands

Length of pits and lands: multiples of 0.3 m

CD-ROM: Compact Disc Read

CD-I: Compact Disc Interactive

Consumer electronics format that uses optical disk in

XA: Extended Architecture

Photo Compact Disc:

CD-WO: Compact Disc Write Once

CD-MO: Features and Principles

Ram Chatterjee : Asst. Pro

CD-MO: Features and Principles

Ram Chatterjee : Asst. Pro

DVD: Digital Video Disk

Ram Chatterjee : Asst. Pro

CD-like optical storage medium

Ram Chatterjee : Asst. Pro

Ram Chatterjee : Asst. Pro

Red Book (CD-DA format)