Basic principle
Definition
Contact of persons or
livestock with live parts which
may result in electric shock
E36913
Types of protection
Basic principle
Insulation
Distance
IP2X or IPXXB
LV < 25 V
30 mA
Basic principle
Definition:
Contact of persons or
livestock with exposed
conductive parts made live
by a fault and which may
result in electric shock
E36915
Basic principle
Protection of people according to IEC 364
Protection
of people
E92450
mA
1A
Cardiac arrest
75 mA
Irreversible cardiac
fibrillation
30 mA
Breathing arrest
10mA
Muscular contraction
0.5 mA
Tingling
Basic principle
Zone 1 : perception
Zone 2 : unpleasant sensation
Zone 3 : muscular contractions
(reversible effects)
Zone 4 : risk of ventricular
fibrillation.(irreversible)
T(ms)
10 000
5000
c1 c2 c3
2000
1000
500
200
100
50
20
10
0,1 0,2
1
0,5 mA
5 10
30 mA
100
Basic principle
5
5
5
5
5
1
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
25
50
75
90
110
150
230
280
5
0.48
0.30
0.25
0.18
0.12
0.05
0.02
5
5
2
0.80
0.50
0.25
0.06
0.02
1st letter
Situation of supply
T = Direct connection of
Transformer Neutral with the earth
I = Neutral unearthed or
Impedance-earthed
T
T
I
T
N
T
2nd letter
Situation of installation frames
T = Exposed frames directly earthed
N = Frames connected to the supply
point which is earthed,
either by a separate Protective Earth
conductor (S).
Or combined with the Neutral (C)
10
Earthing systems
11
Definition
The neutral point of the LV
transformer is directly
connected to an earth
electrode
L1
L2
L3
N
Rn
12
Definition
The neutral point of the LV
transformer is directly
connected to an earth
electrode
The exposed conductive
parts of the installation are
connected to an electrically
separate earth electrode
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
Rn
Ru
13
System earthing
arrangements
Earth electrode
"Deep" earth
the earth does not act as an insulator
"Deep" earth
15
10
10
E92453
E92452
"Deep" earth
14
Earth electrode
System earthing
arrangements
IPE = 0
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
I1 + I2 + I3 + IN = IPE
Well designed network
IPE = 0
I1 + I2 + I3 + IN = 0
IN = Iunbalance + I3 k
15
Earth electrode
System earthing
arrangements
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
IPE 0
I1 + I2 + I3 + IN 0
IPE 0
E94409
IN = Iunbalance + I3 k
16
TT system
System earthing
arrangements
Earth-fault study
Value of fault current:
Uo = 230 V
L1
L2
L3
N
Id = Uo / (Rn + Ru)
= 230 / (10 + 10)
= 11.5 A
400 V/230 V
Ud = Ru x If
= 10 x 11.5
Exposed
conductive
part
Id = 11,5 A
Ud =
115 V
Load
E95420
Rn
10
= 115 V > UL = 50 V
The fault current generates
a dangerous touch voltage
The SCPD is usually not suitable
for eliminating this type of fault
Ru
10
17
TT system
System earthing
arrangements
Earth-fault study
Uo = 230 V
400/230 V
SCPD
25 A
Load
E95421
Ru
10
L1
L2
L3
N
In = 5A
Exposed
conductive
part
Rn
10
Solution
The SCPD is usually not
suitable for this type of fault
(ST setting at 25 A)
A residual current device
specially designed for the
protection of persons
Tripping conditions:
Max touch voltage < Safety curve
Ru x In < UL
(In is the setting of RCD)
In = UL / Ru
= 50 /10
=5A
18
Associated switchgear in TT
RCD technologies
electromechanical
own current
E37522
21
Associated switchgear in TT
RCD technologies
electromechanical
own current
electronic
integrated in the voltageoperated short-circuit protection
device
E37522
22
Associated switchgear in TT
RCD technologies
electromechanical
own current
electronic
integrated in the voltageoperated short-circuit protection
device
separate from the short-circuit
protection device
auxiliary supply
E37522
23
Operating principle
Tripping
No aux. power
required
Detectio
n
Earth-leakage
relay
E37508
Tripping
Measurement
24
System earthing
arrangements
31
TN system
System earthing
arrangements
Definition
E95416
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
Rn
33
TN-S system
System earthing
arrangements
Definition (cont.)
E95417
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
Rn
34
TN-C system
System earthing
arrangements
Definition (cont.)
E95423
L1
L2
L3
PEN
Rn
35
System earthing
arrangements
TN-C-S system
Definition (cont.)
In this TN sub-system:
L1
L2
L3
PEN
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
(with PEN)
the downstream part is TN-S
(with PE and N)
E95424
Rn
36
System earthing
arrangements
TN system
Earth-fault study
Uo = 230 V
400 V/230 V
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
Id
Exposed
conductive
part
Uc
E95425
Fault
Rn
Voltage
Uc = RPE x Id = 3578 x 0.03214 = 115 V.
Since the fault current depends on the
Length of the Lines, it is necessary to check
that that the Fault Current is more than the
Protection Operating Threshold of the CB i.e Id
> Ia
37
System earthing
arrangements
TN system
400 V/230 V
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
where m=Sph/Spe
L=Length of the Cond.
Since Id must be > Ia
L < Lmax
Id
Exposed
conductive
part
Uc
E95425
Fault
Rn
TN system
System earthing
arrangements
Implementation (cont.)
TN-C
Uo = 230 V
L1
L2
L3
PE N
400 V/230 V
Exposed
conductive
part
E95427
Load
40
E95442
t < 0.4 s
Id
E95449
< 30 ms
Im
Id
42
10 A
50 A
Circuit breaker
Fuse
no setting possible
or
installation of a standard RCD
difficult
or
increase the conductor cross-section
44
t
D1
D2
E95450
Im1
Im2
time
t
D1
D2
E95451
energy
t
D1
D2
E95452
I2 t
47
Main features
TN-S system
E37542
Protection of persons:
fault current is dangerous
fault current is usually high enough to trip the SCPDs
tripping must be practically instantaneous
It is ensured by the magnetic settings on the SCPDs
if the fault current is not high enough, RCDs may be used to ensure
protection
Fire protection:
fault current is high
it must be managed by additional RCDs
Continuity of service:
ensured by discrimination between the short-circuit protection devices
49
Main features
TN-C
E37544
Protection of persons:
fault current is dangerous
fault current is usually high enough to be tripped by the SCPDs
tripping must be practically instantaneous = same as TN-S
It is ensured by the magnetic settings on the SCPDs
if the fault current is not high enough, the installation must be resized
Fire protection:
cannot be provided (TN-C not allowed where there is a risk of fire)
Continuity of service:
ensured by discrimination between the SCPDs = same as TN-S
50
IT system
System earthing
arrangements
Definition
E95429
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
52
IT system
System earthing
arrangements
Definition (cont.)
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
PE
E95430
PE
53
System earthing
arrangements
IT system
Earth-fault study
L1
L2
L3
E95431
PE
54
System earthing
arrangements
IT system
Earth-fault study (cont.)
System leakage impedance
L1
L2
L3
PE
dangerous
There is no risk of fire
E95432
55
System earthing
arrangements
IT system
Signalling the first fault
Detection principle:
emission of a specific zero
sequence signal
E95433
L1
L2
L3
PE
56
System earthing
arrangements
IT system
Signalling the first fault (cont.)
Fault-clearance principle:
detection by toroid
and indication of the faulty
outgoer
E95434
L1
L2
L3
PE
Detection principle:
emission of a specific zero
sequence signal
57
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
I inj
I inj
RI
I inj
Principle
injection of current
tracking generator
measurement of IR (*)
IMD:(Insulation Monitoring
Device)
DC current: direct measurement
of IR (*)
AC current: calculation of IR (*)
e
I inj
E95435
58
E95436
PE
59
FTD (**)
60
Id2
E95437
62
65
E00000
Criterion
TT
TN-S
TN-C
IT
Protection of people
XXXX
XXX
XX
XXXX
XXXX
XXX
XX
Ease of Implementation
Continuity of service
XXX
XX
X
XX
X
XX
X
XXXX
Upgradable installation
XXXX
XX
XX
XX
Cost Saving
XX
XXX
XXXX
XXXX=Excellent
XXX=Good
XX=Average
X=Caution
68