Application of Passive Solar System

Application of Passive Solar
System in Building
Dr.(Er.) Bharat R. Pahari [B.E.

(Civil), M.Sc.engg (Energy Efficiency), Ph.D.(Eng.Edu.)]
Associate Professor
Department of Civil Engineering,
Institute of Engineering/TU, Pulchowk.
Basic Concept
 Passive design is the process of efficient use of
energy.
 This can be achieved by the economic use of
resources in harmony with environment.
 A substantial part of world energy consumption is
from the buildings.
 Passive design takes maximum advantages of solar
energy in buildings.
 The example of energy conservation are built with
thick walls, built in cluster, roof with mud & sun-
dried tiles, open water surfaces, vegetation growth
etc.
Dr.Pahari/ 65-9-3 2
Basic Concept
 The use of this natural sun-energy direct or indirect
in the building is the concept of passive design.
 Passive solar design can never negate the impact
of climate, but it can only minimise.
 The word " passive" emphasises on the control of
the flow of thermal energy by natural means. It
assumes the building as a natural collector.
 "Active" system in the other hand is a system
where external energy (Electrical or mechanical) is
used to run the system in order to transfer the
heat from one place to other.
Dr.Pahari/ 65-9-3 3
Heating & Cooling in Building
Passive systems provide heating and cooling
by using natural energy sources and sinks.
The basic heat gains:

 Solar radiation
 Outside air when warmer than 270C (average
ambient temp.)
 Internal gains, conventional domestic heating
and lighting
Dr.Pahari/ 65-9-3 4
Heating & Cooling in Building
The main sinks:
 The sky and outer space,

 Outside air when cooler than 270C
(average ambient temperature)
 Wet surfaces and vegetation
Dr.Pahari/ 65-9-3 5
The Heat Gains and Losses
Night
Sun
Day
Air Air
Temp>270C Temp<270C
Hot surface Cold surface
Sources of Heat gains Sources of Heat losses

Dr.Pahari/ 65-9-3 6
Basic Assumptions of Passive Design
 The purpose of the natural heating and
cooling methods is to provide a comfortable
internal environment.
 For this, the external building envelope can
be considered as a membrane that protects
the indoor space from undesirable climatic
influences.
 It is focused on the energy saving taking in
to consideration the climatic factors and in
harmony with the environment.
Dr.Pahari/ 65-9-3 7
Basic Assumptions of Passive Design
 The external envelope will filter-out the
worst climatic element in one side and in
other side also interacts with out-door
environment to let-in as much radiation as
possible for the natural heating or removes
even internally generated heat for natural
cooling of the building.
 The sun and the climate are the centre
point of passive design and concerns with
the thorough study of the climatic factors.
Dr.Pahari/ 65-9-3 8
Mode of Passive Heating & Cooling
Direct gain
 A large expansion of vertical south facing
glass window usually double glazed admits
the sun's rays, alloying them to strike the
masonry floor and /or wall, which acts as
thermal storage.
 The thermal energy stored in these
elements is distributed to the living space
by radiation, by convection of room air
over the warm surfaces and by conduction.
 A correctly designed mass can contain
internal temperature swings to 100 C.
Dr.Pahari/ 65-9-3 9
Direct gain Sunshade to
obstruct solar
radiation during
summer
Solar Radiation
House
Curtain to
obstruct during
summer & to
provide access
during winter the
Glass solar radiation
window in inside building
south facing Heat conserving
Materials
Dr.Pahari/ 65-9-3 10
Thermal storage wall
 This heating mode blocks and collects solar radiation outside
the living space by creating a thermally massive wall between
it and the sun.
 Heat is stored in this thermal mass and distributed to the
living space by re-radiation through the back of the wall,
and/or by convection of cool room air passing the warm face
of the mass by natural thermo-siphoning.
 This thermo-siphoning effect is created on the sunny face of
the wall by placing a glazed screen about 50 mm away from
the wall face, punching holes in the top and bottom of the
wall, and letting room air naturally thermo-siphon and become
warm.
 Honeycomb masonry walls are Trombe walls.
 Horizontally stacked drums of water are Drum wall,
 Vertical tubes of water are water wall.
Horizontal drums of water

Absorbing solar heat
Vertical Tubes of
Vertical masonry wall water absorbing solar
absorbing solar heat heat
Sunshade to
obstruct solar
radiation during
summer
Solar
House Radiation
Glass window in
front of Trombe
wall
Glass window in
front of Trombe
wall Trombe wall
Solar green house
 This heating mode is the further development of Trombe
wall, but the space between the glass and the wall has
been widened to form a green house.
 The greenhouse provides not only a means of heating
but also a usable living space and the opportunity to
grow food and flowers.
 Solar green house may be made with;
 Glazed wall between green house and living space
 Massive wall between green house and living space
 Small green house used as entry porch
 Green house cover on the stair
Small greenhouse used as Massive wall between Glazed wall between

entry porch greenhouse & living space greenhouse & living space
Solar green house
Solar green house
Glass roof in
front of trombe
wall
house
Solar
Radiation
Glazed window
and Glass roof Trombe
on South facing wall
Roof pond
 This heating mode transfers the
thermal storage to the roof.
 It consists of plastic bags of water
Pond
that are supported on a steel deck
roof or RCC construction on the Pond
cover
roof.
 Control is affected by the Roof pond
positioning of the movable

insulating shutters that are located
above the water bags or pond.
Roof pond condition of
Solar Radiation condition of opened covering
closed covering
Pond or
water drums
Convective loop
 In this system an angle solar
collector heats a transport
fluid (that can be either air or
water) and, by a thermo-
siphoning loop, allows it to Air space or
rise to a thermal store liquid space
heating system
located above the collector. Convective loop
 After transferring its heat to

the store, the fluid continues
down to re-enter the base of
the collector.
Solar Chart
 Solar chart is a graphical representation of the path of
sun in the sky for various days in the year of the
particular latitude.
 The hemisphere of the sky is represented by a circular
plane diagram, the centre of which represents the
zenith and the outer circumference represents the
horizon line.
 The various line of compass are shown alone the
circumference of the chart and the altitude angles are
represented by concentric circles, the outermost
circumference denoting zero and the centre denoting
900 of altitude.
 Solar chart can establish the sun's position in the sky
hemisphere.
Reference angles
a
i
δ
i = Incidence angle, a =Altitude Angle, δ =Azimuth angle
Solar Chart
..\..\climatic design tools\drawsunpath.exe
Solar Chart & Its use
Uses of solar charts
 The basic use of the solar chart is to find
the position of sun in the sky hemisphere.
 This is very important;
 To determine the intensity of solar radiation,
 To design shading device (shape and size) in to
the building,
 To define the angle of incidence of solar
radiation
Shading Devices
 The devices that are used to block the solar radiation
incident on the exposed surfaces of a building,
consequently reducing heat gain, are called shading
devices,
 Shadings are normally done in the openings,
 The shading devices may be internal or external and
they may be fixed, adjustable or retractable,
 The internal devices may be venetian blinds, roller
blinds and curtains,
 The external shading devices are much more effective
than the internal arrangement,
 It is true that more than 90% of heating effect of
solar radiation is possible to eliminate with efficient
use of the shading devices
Types of external devices
 Vertical devices
δ δ = horizontal shadow angle
Horizontal shadow angle
δ = horizontal
 Horizontal devices
shadow angle
ε = vertical shadow
a angle
a = solar altitude
ε angle
δ tan ε = tan a * sec
δ
Vertical shadow angle
Types of external devices
 Egg-crate devices
Normal
louver
Inclined
louver
 Inclined devices
Window
Wall
Passive techniques in housing
Heat gain prevention techniques
 Orientation of building
 Shading by neighboring buildings
 Shading by vegetation/pergolas
 Shading by overhangs and louvers
 Special construction of wall
 Solid wall
 Mud wall
 Cavity wall
 Textured wall surface
Orientation of building
Bad Fair Best
Shading by neighboring buildings
Building
Building Building Shadow
Building
Shadow Shadow
Shadow
Building
Verandah
House enclosed with verandah
Shading by vegetation
Hot air escape
Evaporation
Radiation
Shading
Radiation Partly Air buffer
Brick wall
RCC slab
Slow evaporation
Room space Vera
Shady tree ndah
Moisture
Roof shading by Pergolas

Protection from solar radiation
Shading by overhangs
Roof projection
shade
Shading by overhangs
Ve
Building r Court
a yard
n
Verandah dah
Rooms
House enclosed with verandah
Courtyard House
Special construction of wall
Mud wall Brick wall

Brick wall Cavity
Cement Cement
plaster plaster
Solid wall Cavity wall

Mud wall
Textured wall surface
Textured wall surface
Design tools
Flow chart of the Energy efficient Building Planning
1. Energy conservation
2. Passive space
Site planning heating/cooling modes
3. Active space
heating/cooling modes
Energy efficient
Building Planning
1. Energy conservation
2. Passive space
Building planning heating/cooling modes
3. Active space
heating/cooling modes
Design tools
8h
h
Energy
conservation Spacing for wind deflection
Vegetable shading
Site Planning Ventilation

Insulating earth berming
Passive space
heating/cooling BERMING for added insulation and wind
Layout Orientation Spacing

N * 150 for due south obstruction
-Maximize in south
-Minimize in north, east, west
* 100 for any other obstructions
250 250
Shape S
Bad Fair Best
Design tools
•Insulation
•Ventilation
•Temporary zoning
•Windows
•Lighting
•Building volume
Energy •Color
conservation •Domestic hot water
Building Planning
•General
•Direct gain
Passive space •Thermal storage wall
heating/cooling •Solar green house
•Roof pond
•Convective loop
Thank you

Application of Passive Solar System

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Application of Passive Solar System

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Application of Passive Solar

Dr.(Er.) Bharat R. Pahari [B.E.

The basic heat gains:

The main sinks:

 The sky and outer space,

Hot surface Cold surface

Sources of Heat gains Sources of Heat losses

Horizontal drums of water

Small greenhouse used as Massive wall between Glazed wall between

Solar green house

positioning of the movable

 After transferring its heat to

i = Incidence angle, a =Altitude Angle, δ =Azimuth angle

δ δ = horizontal shadow angle

Horizontal shadow angle

Vertical shadow angle

Bad Fair Best

House enclosed with verandah

Hot air escape

Roof shading by Pergolas

Mud wall Brick wall

Solid wall Cavity wall

Textured wall surface

Site Planning Ventilation

Layout Orientation Spacing

Bad Fair Best

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