Review

STRESS &
STRAIN

Term for Stress & Strain

*) Important distinction between two quantities

Deformation
Dilation: a change in volume
Distortion: a change in form
Translation: a change in place
Rotation: a change in orientation

VECTOR & COORDINATE SYSTEM

BASIC CONCEPTS
FORCES & VECTORS
Force is any action which alters, or tends to alter
Newton II law of motion :
F=Ma
Unit force : kgm/s2 = newton (N) or dyne = gram cm/s2; N = 105 dynes
(a). Force: vector quantity with magnitude and direction
(b). Resolving by the parallelogram of forces

Two Types of Force

Body Forces (i.e. gravitational force)
Contact /surface Forces (i.e. loading)

Modified Price and Cosgrove (1990)

STRESS
Stress defined as force per unit area:

= F/A
A = area, Stress units = Psi, Newton (N),
Pascal (Pa) or bar (105 Pa)

(Twiss and Moores, 1992)

(Davis and Reynolds, 1996)

Normal stress ( N)

Sh
ear
Str
ess
(
s)

(+) Compressive

(-) Tensile

Shear stress ( S)

(+)

(-)

Stress ( )

Stress at a point in 2D
Types of stress

No
rm
al S
tre
ss
(
n)

STRESS

The State of
3-Dimensional
Stress at Point
A. Stress elipsoid

x1

x3

Principal
coordinate planes
z

Principal Stress:
1

y
x2

x
B. Principal stress components

Arbitrary
coordinate planes
z

zz
zy
xy

xz

zx
yx
yz

yy

xx

x
x
C. General stress components

(Twiss and Moores, 1992)

STRESS ON A PLANE AND AT A POINT

Stress Tensor Notation

11 12 13
=

21 22 23
31 32 33

FUNDAMENTAL STRESS EQUATIONS

Principal Stress:
1
All stress axes are mutually
perpendicular
Shear stress are zero in the
direction of principal stress
Stress Tensor Notation

Stress Ellipsoid

11 12 13
=

21 22 23
31 32 33

12 = 21, 13 = 31, 23 = 32

ELIPSOID TEGASAN
1 > 2 = 3

1
3

3
1 = 2 > 3

2
1

1
3

1 > 2 > 3
2

3
2

SPECIAL
STATE OF STRESS

Mohr Diagram 2-D

Planes of maximum shear stress

A. Physical Diagram

x
= +45
n

Planes of maximum
shear stress

Counterclockwise
shear stress

s max

' = +45
n

B. Mohr Diagram

Counter clockwise

Clockwise
shear stress

'

s max
Clockwise

(Twiss and Moores, 1992)

Compressive Fractures

The Coulomb Law of Failure

c = o + tan ( n)
c
= critical shear stress
o
= cohesive strength
tan = coefficient
of internal friction
n
= normal stress

(Modified from Davis and Reynolds, 1996)

Stress Equation:

1 + 3 - 1 3
N =
cos 2
2
2
1 3
Sin 2
s =
2

Failure Envelope and Development of Fracture at Different Condition

s

Von Mises ductle

failure criterion

Brittle-ductile
transition
Yield stress

Coulumb
fracture
criterion

Parabolic
fracture
envelope

C
B

T0
A

f
3

(Twiss and Moores, 1992)

STRESS
Body force works from distance and depends on the amount of materials
affected (i.e. gravitational force).
Surface force are classes as compressive or tensile according to the
distortion they produce.
Stress is defined as force per unit area.
Stress at the point can be divided as normal and shear component
depending they direction relative to the plane.
Structural geology assumed that force at point are isotropic and
homogenous
Stress vector around a point in 3-D as stress ellipsoid which have three
orthogonal principal directions of stress and three principal planes.
Principal stress 1> 2> 3
The inequant shape of the ellipsoid has to do with forces in rock and has
nothing directly to do with distortions.
Mohr diagram is a graphical representative of state of stress of rock

STRAIN

UNDEFORMED

DEFORMED

Strain is defined as the change (in size and shape

resulting from the action of an applied stress field

TYPES OF STRAIN

I
H

A. Homogeneous strain

B. Inhomogeneous strain

Fundamental Strain Equations

Undeformed State

Deformed State
R = en

l o = 5 cm

Strain

R=1

r = Sn

L' = 3 cm

l f = 8 cm
L

A. Extension and stretch

L' = 4.8 cm

Undeformed State

Extension (e) = (lf lo)/lo

Lengthening e>0 and shortening e<0

Deformed State

Strain

Stretch (S) = lf/lo = 1 + e

B. Shear strain

Shear Strain ()

= tan

es tan

t
R

Strain Ellipsoid

S1

S1 = Maximum Finite Stretch

S3 = Minimum Finite Stretch
S2

S3

S3
S1

S3
S2

S1

(Davis and Reynolds, 1996)

ELIPSOID TERAKAN

1 > 2 = 3
2

2
1

1
1 = 2 > 3

2
1

1
1 > 2 > 3

3
2

3
2

Strain Measurement from Outcrop

= gap

STRESS VS. STRAIN DIAGRAM

BRITTLE VS. DUCTILE

Strain-Stress Diagram

400

Yield Strength
After Strain
Hardening

Differential Stress (in MPa)

C
300

Yield
Strength

Stress Strain Diagram

Ultimate
Strength

A
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Rep ture
Strength

200

100

3
4
Strain (in %)

Onset plastic deformation

Removal axial load
Permanently strained
Plastic deformation
Rupture

BRITTLE & DUCTILE

STRESS vs. STRAIN

Stress Ellipsoid
Strain Ellipsoid

Relationship Between Stress and Strain

Evaluate Using Experiment of Rock
Deformation
Rheology of The Rocks
Using Triaxial Deformation Apparatus
Measuring Shortening
Measuring Strain Rate
Strength and Ductility

Mohr Diagram 2-D

A. Physical Diagram

A. Mohr Diagram

x
n

n(p)

(p)

s(p)

sin
2

(p)
(p)
n , s

(p)
n

Plane P

2

(Twiss and Moores, 1992)

2

cos
2