TITRATION
TITRATION
BASICS OF TITRATION
Essentials of Titration
Titrant
Analyte
Indicator
Essentials of Titration
Hydrochloric Acid
Sulfuric Acid
Sodium hydroxide
Potassium hydroxide
Barium hydroxide
Indicators
3.
4.
5.
6.
Mixed Indicators
use to sharpen up the color change
Methylene Red Methylene Blue
Xylene Cyanol Methyl Orange
Bromocresol Green Methyl Red
Bromocresol Green Chlorophenol Red
Cresol Red Thymol Blue
Thymol Blue Phenolphthalein
Equipments used:
Volumetric Apparatus
/ Burets
Pipets / Pipettes
flasks
Graduated cylinders
Equipments used:
Volumetric Apparatus
Buret
Pipette
Buret funnel
Volumetric Flask
Erlenmeyer Flask (usually 250 mL)
Beaker,
250ml
Stirring rod
pH meter
Buret
Also burette
is a device used in analytical chemistry
for the dispensing of variable, measured
amounts of a chemical solution
Buret
Classification:
Class A
Class B
10
0.02
0.04
25
0.03
0.06
50
0.05
0.10
100
0.10
0.20
Analogue
Digital
Burette accuracy
/mL
Capacity,
mL
Buret
Geissler Buret
Geissler Buret with Teflon
stopcock
Mohr Buret
Using a Buret
Using a Buret
Using a Buret
Using a Buret
Using a Buret
Using a Buret
Deliver solution to
the titration flask
by turning the
stopcock. The
solution should be
delivered quickly
until a couple of
mL from the
endpoint.
Using a Buret
The endpoint
should be
approached
slowly, a drop
at a time. Use
a wash bottle
to rinse the
tip of the
buret and the
sides of the
flask.
Do not start
above the 0
mL mark or
titrate past
the 50 mL
mark.
Titration Notes
Always use white paper underneath your sample flask so that you
will notice slight color changes.
Learn to swirl the flask without removing it from underneath the
buret.
Use a drop, drop, drop pace until you see the color change
becoming more than local (where the titrant meets the sample).
Now proceed dropwise.
Second and third trial titrations should always be fast assuming the
sample will be about the same because you now know
approximately how much titrant is needed. If the first titration
required 25 mL than you can add 22 mL all at once and then
proceed cautiously.
Remember that the amount of water used to dilute the sample is not
crucial because it does not affect "how many" of the sample
molecules are present in the sample flask. Diluting with water allows
you to see the color change easier.
Always label multiple burets and sample flasks.
Remember to add indicator.
Pipettes / Pipets
Used to deliver or measure standard
volume of liquid
Common pipets:
Air
displacement micropipettes
Positive displacement pipette
Volumetric pipettes
Graduated pipettes
Pasteur pipette
Transfer pipettes
Volumetric pipettes
Specifications on Volumetric
Pipettes
The following must be indicated
How much liquid will be transferred if the
liquid is drawn up to the calibration line on
the neck
The temperature at which the calibration
was made
Graduated pipettes
Graduated pipettes
A Mohr, backward or drain-out
pipette
Specifications on Measuring
Pipet
Printed on the neck of the pipette are the specifications
that indicate:
The maximum volume of liquid that can be transferred
The size of the divisions on the pipet
The temperature at which calibrations were made
If the pipette is a to deliver (TD) or to contain (TC)
pipette
Pasteur pipettes
Standard method of
TITRATION
Definitions:
Primary Standard
Secondary Standard
Titer
Titrimetry
Titrimetry Types
Volumetric Titrimetry
Gravimetric or Weight Titrimetry
Coulometric Titrimetry
Titrimetry Types
Acid-Base Titrations
Titration Reaction types
Acid-Base Titrations
Types of acid-base
Titrations
pH at equivalence point = 7
pH at equivalence point >7
Applications of acid-base
titration
RedOx Titrations
Titration Reaction types
RedOx Titration