Investigation and Prediction

of Pore Pressure and Effective

Stress Changes During
Hydrocarbon Production
Kurniawan Adha
G02936
SUPERVISOR
AP. Wan Ismail Wan Yusof
Co-SUPERVISOR:
Mr. Luluan Almanna Lubis M.sc

Presentation Outline
1

Introduction
Pore Pressure Estimation

Problem Statement

Dutta, N.C., 2002, Geopressure Prediction using Seismic Data: Current Status and The Road Ahead,

Objective of Study

characterize pore pressure and effective stress change

Scope of Study

Literature
Review

Pore Pressure Overview

Pore Pressure

Total
Stress

Effective Stress
(Tosaya,
2008)

Hydrocarbon Production and Pore

Pressure History

Reservoir depletion is one

of
processes
that
decrease pore pressure
Reduction in volume will
be reduced in pressure
over time.
During oil and/or gas
production, the pressure
within the reservoir is
reduced. The rate of
pressure
drop
are
controled by the rate from
the surrrounding rocks

Unchanged in water zone

(Verga ,2009)

Overpressure Overview (1/2)

Condition when
subsurface exceed the
hydrostatic pressure
Mechanis
me
Overpress
ure
Loading

Catagory

Compaction Disequilibrium

Limb
Fluid Expansion
-Aquathermal
Unloading -Hydrocarbon generation
-Hydrocarbon cracking
Limb
-Clay mineral diagenesis
-osmosis
Uplift
Tectonic Stress
No
Volume
Chaange

Fluid density contrast

(Bowers, 2002)

Overpressure Overview
(2/2) reservoir
Overpressure
compared with normal
trend :
1. Higher than Normal
Trend :
Porosity
Temperature
Poisson Ratio
transition
zone
Overpressure
zone

2. Lower than Normal

Trend :
Density
Efetive Pressure
Internal Velocity

Dutta (2002)

Proof of concept (1/2)

Title

Author

Literature Review

Introduction to
Geomechanics : stress and
strain in sedimentary basin
(2010)

-Bjorlykke Knut
-Hoeg Kaare
-N.H Mondol

-The efective stress in the horizontal

direction is defined as total horizontal
stress minus the pore pressure
-The pore pressure is the same in all
direction

Drive mechanism and

Displacement Procesess
(2009)

-Verga F

- Fluid give control to pressure

gradient
- During production the pressure will
decrease due to production

Geopressure Prediction
using Seismic Data:
Current Status and The
Road Ahead(2012)

- Dutta C N

-Porosity, temperature and poisson

ration are higher than normal trend
reservoir in overpressure
-Density, efective pressure and
internal velocity are lower than
normal trend in overpressure

Efect of pressure and

temperature on the
thermal conductivity of
rocks (2006)

-Ilmutdin
-M Abdul gatov

The relationship between thermal

conductivity and pressure is non
linear regardless of the rock type. He
also found that the thermal
conductivity is function of
Dutta (2002)
temperature

Proof of concept (2/2)

Title

Author

Literature Review

Velocity Estimation For

Pore Pressure Prediction
(2002)

-Bell D-W

A linear fit of velocity with time provides a

consistent fit to both time-depth and
velocity-depth data and is a better
empirical representation of the normal
compaction trend.

Efect of Pore Pressure

and stress path on Rock
Mechanical Properties for
HPHT Application (2002)

-E . Skomedal
-H . Jostad
-M. Hettema

Production will reduce the pore pressure

and increasing effective stress

So, this research is to apply the laboratory

measurement (direct measurement) for
build a model from paramaters which get
from these measuement, then combine
the parameters.

Methodology
Primary Data

Experimental Work
Data Collecting

Experimental Work
Sample 100 % Oil
Sample 80 % Oil
Sample 60 % Oil

AI
Poisson Ratio
Vp/Vs
Extended

Auto Lab 500

Formula
NO

Name

Formula

1
2
3
4
5

Volume
Density
Pore Volume
AI
Poisson Ratio

A x Length
Volume/Mass
Porosity X bulk volume
Vp.
( (Vp/Vs)2 -2)/
(2[Vp/Vs)2 -1])

Result Form (Example)

Sampl
e

CP

Te
m

PP

100 %
Oil

100
0

10

200
0

Vp

Vs

AI

VP/V PR
s

2000 xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

20

2000 xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

300
0

30

2000 xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

400
0

40

2000 xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

500
0

50

2000 xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

600
0

60

2000 xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

700
0

70

2000 xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

800

80

2000 xx

xx

xx

xx

xx

Example of Model (3D)

Efective stress derived from overburden-pore pressure

Methodology

Data Software

Methodology
1

Justify Model
1

Gassman Fluids
Subtitution
Fluid density ( ) is a mixture of
f

fuids weighted by saturation the

amount of pore space filled with
particular fuid type, and it is defined
using equation:

The mass balance equation is used

to calculate the bulk density of the
rock as a function of porosity and
mixed fuids:

Sw = water saturation in decimal

fraction;
w = density of formation water;
hc = density of hydrocarbon

AI : Vp.

Actual Well data

Exploration

1. Different
2. Different
contain
3. Different
4. Different

Production

Time
Oil saturation and
pore pressure
Velocity

Expectad Result
1. The pore pressure will be reduce due to production or
deplation
2. Combine several paramaters will be give correct
determination for pressure prediction
3. The best combination will be appear from this
measurement
4. This prediction will be apllied universally in diferent
type reservoir condition
5. During the research it is expected to publish one paper
in leading journal and two international- local
conferences.
Contribution :
This
research
may
improve
our
understanding of pore prediction and
efective stress changes during production
for possible application in oil recovery, and
be applied universally

Materials and
Equipments
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Sample
Auto lab 500
Sonic Velocity OYO
Microsoft office
Helium Porosimeter
Portable density meter. (DMA35N)
Core Flooding

Gantt Chart
Activities
Work Literature Review

RPD Preparation

Field Work and Collecting Data

Characterize pore pressure and efective changes through

laboratory testing and measurement
1.
Sample Preparation
2.
Measurement

Develop a model about pore pressure and efective stress

changes prediction using laboratory analysis and
measurement .

Investigate and predict pore pressure and efective changes on

well data and applied the model

Thesis Writing

Paper and Journal Writing

2014
10

11

2015
12

10

11

12

Reference
Bell, D.W., 2002, Velocity Estimation For Pore Pressure Prediction, in Huffman, A. L. and Bowers, G.L., eds, Pressures
Regimes In Sedimentary Basin and Their Prediction, AAPG Memoir 76, p. 177-215.
Bjorlykke, Knut., 2010, Petroleum Geoscience from sedimentary Environments to Rock Physics, Springer.
Bowers, G.L., 1995, Pore Pressure Estimation from Velocity Data: Accounting for pore pressure mechanism
beside undercompaction, SPE Drilling and Completion, 10, p. 89-95.
Bowers, G.L., 2002, Detecting High Overpressure, The Leading Edge, February 2002, p. 174-177
C.D Ward, 1994, The Application of Petrophysical Data To Improve Pore And Fracture Pressure Determination In
North Sea Central Graben HPHT Wells, SPE Inc 1994
. Dutta, N.C., 2002, Geopressure Prediction using Seismic Data: Current Status and The Road Ahead,
Geophysics, Vol. 67, No. 6, p. 2012-2041
Dutta, N and Khazanehdari, J., 2006, Estimation of Formation Fluid Pressure using High-Resolution Velocity
From Inversion of Seismic Data and a Rock Physics Model Based on Compaction and Burial Diagenesis of
Shales, The Leading Edge, December 2006, p.1528-1538.
E. Skomdel, 2002, Efect of Pore Pressure and stress path on Rock Mechanical Properties for HPHT Application,
SPE/ISRM 78152, October
http://petrowiki.org/Subsurface_stress_and_pore_pressure
Ilmutdin M. Abdulgatov, S.N. (2006). Efect of pressure and temperature on the thermal conductivity of rocks. J.
Chem. Eng. Data,22-23
Hutchison, C. S., 1996, South-East Asian Oil, Gas, Coal and Mineral Deposits:Oxford Monographs on Geology
and Geophysics, 36: Clarendon Press, Oxford, 265 p.
Liechti P., Roe, F.W. & Haile, N.S., 1960. The Geology of Sarawak, Brunei, and the Western part of North
Borneo. Geological Surv. Dept., British Territories in Borneo, Bull., 3, 360 p.
Sayers, C.M., 2006, An Introduction to Velocity-Based Pore Pressure Estimation, The Leading Edge, December
2006, p.1496-1500.
Sayers, C., Boer, L., Nagy, Z., Hooyman, P., Ward, V., 2005, Pore Pressure in The Gulf of Mexico: Seeing Ahead
of the Bit, World oil ed. December 2005, p. 55-58
Swarbrick, Richard E., Osborne, Mark J., and Gareth S. Yardley, 2002. Comparison of overpressure magnitude
resulting from the main generating mechanisms. AAPG Memoir 76, A. R. Hufman and G. L. Bowers, eds
Robinson, K., 1985, Assessment of undiscovered conventionally recoverable petroleum resources in Tertiary
sedimentary basins of Malaysia and Brunei: Geol. Soc. Malaysia, Bull. 18, p. 119-131.
Terzaghi, K., 1943, Theoritical Soil Mechanics, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Tjia, H. D., 1994, Inversion tectonics in the Malay Basin: evidence and timing of events: Geol. Soc. Malaysia,
Bull. 36, p. 119-126.
Tosaya, C. A. 1982, Acoustical properties of clay-bearing rocks : PhD, thesis, Standford Univ

Thank you

Back Up Slide

Get porosity from neutron and density

Calculate the V shale from Gamma ray
Calculate the velocity from sonic data
Get the pressure gradient and temperature gradient from
RFT or MDT
Get thermal conductivity from porosity and V shale
Get Heat fow from thermal conductivity times
temperature gradient
Identify and make correlation between temperature and
pressure gradient and thermal vs pressure gradient

Generally , For determine pore pressure using velocity

analysis and model, there are several step that used for
this analysis, include :
Analysis velocity model in given area (some well)
Using Bowers method for transformation from velocity to
efective stress
Calculated formation pressure using Terzaghi method
Doing calibration with actual formation pressure from well
data

A. Velocity Model
Make and interpretation horizon
Make 3D horizon model as Velocity Model Frame work
Structural Model using Geocellular model method
B. Sonic Data analysis
Inverse of sonic log to determine velocity
Determine porosity and other parameters from full wave
sonic data
Determine overpressure zone
Make synthetic seismogram

C . Velocity Model from Check shot data (Well Data)

Get check shot data
Change check shot data to average velocity
Plot data of average velocity
Up scaling this data to structure model

D . Pore Pressure Estimation

overburden pressure determination using density and
velocity at certain depth
Efective pressure determination using bowers formula
Determine pore pressure from overburden and efective
stress