5.

1 SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
• All atoms (except Hydrogen) are composed
of three subatomic particles:
–
– - ELECTRONS
– - PROTONS
– - NEUTRONS
–
–
CH1200 UNIT 5 PART A
 5.1.1 ELECTRON PROPERTIES

• Electrons are found in the regions of space

surrounding a nucleus and have the
following properties:
•
• Have a negative electric charge of - 1
• Have a negligible mass when compared to
the mass of a proton or neutron.

CH1200 UNIT 5 PART A

 5.1.2 PROTON PROPERTIES
• Protons are found in the nucleus of atoms
and have the following properties:
•
• Have a +1 Positive Charge
• Have a relative mass of 1.0 Atomic Mass
unit (AMU)

CH1200 UNIT 5 PART A

5.1.3 NEUTRON PROPERTIES
• Neutrons are found in the nucleus of atoms
and have the following properties:
•
• Have a Zero Electrical charge
• Have a relative mass of 1.0 Atomic Mass
unit (AMU)
•

CH1200 UNIT 5 PART A

 5.1.3 ATOMIC NEUTRALITY
• All atoms in their normal state are
electrically neutral - that is, they do not
have an overall electrical charge.
•
• This arises from the fact that atoms have the
same number of Protons (+’s) as
Electrons (-’s).

CH1200 UNIT 5 PART A

 5.1 - The Atom
• Electrons are negatively charged, have
almost no mass and are found outside
the nucleus of an atom
• Protons are positively charged, have a
relative mass of 1, and are found
inside the nucleus of an atom
• Neutrons are electrically neutral (no
charge), have a relative mass of 1 and
are found inside the nucleus of an
atom
CH1200 UNIT 5 PART A
 5.2.1– DALTON MODEL


 Atomic Theories
–Dalton’s Atomic Theory and
“Billiard Ball” Model


CH1200 UNIT 5 PART A

 5.2.1 – Dalton’s Billiard Ball Model

• John Dalton viewed the atom as a

solid sphere or a billiard ball
•
•

CH1200 UNIT 5 PART A

 5.2.1 – Dalton’s Atomic
Theory
• All elements are composed of atoms.
• Atoms are indivisible, invisible particles.
• Atoms of the same element are the same.
• Atoms of different elements are different.
• Compounds are formed by 2 or more atoms
joined together.


CH1200 UNIT 5 PART A

 5.2.2 – Dalton’s Atomic Theory
• Dalton’s theory correctly predicted the Law of
Multiple Proportions.
•
• LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTIONS: A given
compound always has the same numbers &
types of atoms (and thus always contains the
same proportions by mass).
•
• H2O contain 2 H atoms and 1 Oxygen atom and
the H:O mass ratio is 1:8 (2 Hydrogens = 2.016
gm and 1 Oxygen = 16.00 gm)
• CH1200 UNIT 5 PART A
 5.2.2 – Dalton’s Atomic
Theory
• All atoms of a particular element are all the same.
• The atoms of different Elements are made of tiny
particles called atoms.
• All atoms of a given element elements have
different masses (eg. – hydrogen has a different
mass than carbon).
• Atoms of one element can combine with atoms of
other elements to form compounds (in small,
whole number ratios such as 1:1, 1:2, 2:3 etc).
• Atoms cannot be divided, created or destroyed in
chemical reactions.
CH1200 UNIT 5 PART A
•
 5.2.3 – Thompson Model
 Atomic Theories
• Thomson’s “Raisin-Bun” Model
•

CH1200 UNIT 5 PART A

 5.2.3 –Thomson’s Raisin Bun Model
• His model shows small negative particles of the
atom (electrons) inside a larger positive mass
 It is known as the raisin bun model or plum pudding
model or chocolate chip cookie model
• Thomson’s model attempted to explain positive
and negative charges in the atom


CH1200 UNIT 5 PART A

 5.2.4 – RUTHERFORD MODEL

 Atomic Theories
• Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment
•
•

CH1200 UNIT 5 PART A

 5.2.4 – Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment

Rutherford “shot” +ve charged particles called alpha ()

particles (helium nuclei) at thin gold foil (element gold or
Au).
•
• If Thomson’s model was correct, most of the  particles
should have been passed straight through the foil.
Q: Why? (Think of Thomson’s model)

•
• However, some of the  particles were reflected or
scattered.
Q: What does this imply about the atom?
•

CH1200 UNIT 5 PART A
5.2.4 – Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment

CH1200 UNIT 5 PART A

5.2.4 Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment

CH1200 UNIT 5 PART A

 5.2.4 – Rutherford’s Gold Foil
Experiment

• What Rutherford Saw

•
•
•

CH1200 UNIT 5 PART A

 5.2.4 – Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment

•
• Most  particles flew right through the gold
foil as if there was nothing there.
• Q: Why?
 Atoms are mostly empty space.
• A small # of  particles were bounced back
to their source.
 Q: Why?
 There must be a small, dense nucleus in
the atom with a positive charge.
• CH1200 UNIT 5 PART A
 5.2.4 RUTHERFORD’S MODEL

• The Nucleus of an atom is the dense central

core of an atom which contains all the
atom’s Protons and Neutrons.
•
• The overall charge on a nucleus is positive
due to the presence of Protons.
• The nucleus is surrounded by electrons

CH1200 UNIT 5 PART A

5.2.4 – Rutherford’s Model
 Atomic Theories
• Rutherford’s Nuclear Model
•
•

CH1200 UNIT 5 PART A

 5.2.4 – Rutherford’s Nuclear Model
• Rutherford proposed that most of the atom is
empty space occupied by moving electrons
• The positive charge and mass were believed to be
a small dense centre or nucleus
• Rutherford’s model is called the Nuclear Model
because electrons revolved around a positive
nucleus


CH1200 UNIT 5 PART A

 5.2.4 - The Atom
• Electrons account for little of the mass of an
atom, but effectively occupy most of the
space or volume
• Protons and neutrons occupy little of the
space or volume of an atom but account
for most of its mass.

CH1200 UNIT 5 PART A

 5.2.5 ATOMIC NUMBER
• The Atomic Number of an atom is the
number of protons in an atom of that
element.
• Each atom has a unique Atomic Number
• Ex: Hydrogen has Atomic Number = 1
• Ex: Carbon has Atomic Number = 6

CH1200 UNIT 5 PART A

5.2.5 ATOMIC NUMBERS ON
THE PERIODIC TABLE
• The Atomic Number of an element can be
found on the Periodic Table of Elements.
• All the elements are arranged in order of
increasing Atomic Number.
• The Atomic Number is usually found in the
top left hand corner of the space for each
element.

CH1200 UNIT 5 PART A

 5.2.6 MASS NUMBER
• Atomic Mass Number is the total of the
number of Protons and Neutrons
contained within a given nucleus.
• Ex: Hydrogen’s Atomic Mass Number = 1
since it has only 1 Proton in its nucleus.
• Ex: Carbon’s Atomic Mass Number = 12
since it has 6 Protons and 6 Neutrons in
its nucleus.
CH1200 UNIT 5 PART A
 5.2.6 CALCULATIONS WITH ATOMIC
NUMBERS AND MASS NUMBERS

• Formula to determine the Number of

Neutrons in an atom:

• # Neutrons = Atomic Mass # - Atomic #

CH1200 UNIT 5 PART A

 5.2.7 Bohr’s Model
 Atomic Theories
• Bohr’s Orbit Model


CH1200 UNIT 5 PART A

 5.2.7 Bohr’s Orbit Model
• Bohr proposed that electrons orbited the
nucleus of the atom (same as the planets
which orbit the sun)
• In this model, electrons are assumed to orbit
the nucleus at fixed radii (orbits).


CH1200 UNIT 5 PART A

 5.2.7 - Bohr’s Orbit Model

• Bohr’s model showed that electrons orbited

the nucleus of the atom
•


CH1200 UNIT 5 PART A

 5.2.7 - Bohr’s Orbit Model
• Electrons can jump from a low-energy orbit near the
nucleus to orbits of higher energy by absorbing energy
(purple trails).
• When the electrons return to a lower energy level (blue
trails), they release the excess energy in the form of
radiation of a characteristic wavelength, such as visible
light.


• Bohr’s Model is called

 the Orbit Model
•

CH1200 UNIT 5 PART A

5.2.8 AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS

• Average Atomic Mass represents the mass

of an atom which takes into account the
existence of isotopes.
• Isotopes are forms of an atom which differ
in Atomic Mass and the Number of
Neutrons in the nucleus.
• The Atomic Mass reported on the Periodic
Table is an average of the mass of all
isotopes of the element.
CH1200 UNIT 5 PART A
 5.2.9 CALCULATIONS OF AVERAGE
ATOMIC MASS
• Calculation of Average Atomic Mass
requires the Atomic Mass and Relative
Abundance of each isotope.
• Relative Abundance is given as the
percentage of each isotope present in a
naturally occurring sample of the
element.
•
CH1200 UNIT 5 PART A
5.2.10 ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

• Electromagnetic Radiation is a form of

radiation which requires NO medium to
transport it.
• Examples: Radio Waves
 Satellite Transmissions
 X – Rays
 Microwaves
 Sunlight
CH 1200 UNIT 5 PART B
 5.2.10 Electromagnetic Spectrum
• The full electromagnetic
spectrum contains all
wavelengths and
frequencies
• The visible part of the
spectrum is shown
below.

CH 1200 UNIT 5 PART B

 5.2.11 PROPERTIES OF WAVES

• Definition: A wave is a means by which

energy moves from place to place
• Examples: Water waves
 Sound Waves
 Radio Waves
Some waves require a medium to transport

them ( Water & Sound Waves)

Electromagnetic waves require no medium

 CH 1200 UNIT 5 PART B

5.2.11 Waves in Nature

CH 1200 UNIT 5 PART B

5.2.11 Typical Wave Form

CH 1200 UNIT 5 PART B

5.2.11 WAVE RELATED CALCULATIONS

• Universal Wave Equation : This equation

applies to all forms of waves
• V = f x λ
 where v = velocity
 f = frequency
 λ = wavelength

CH 1200 UNIT 5 PART B

 5.2.12 PLANCK’S QUANTUM THEORY

• Max Planck proposed a theory that energy

emitted from an object comes in discrete
amounts called quanta
• The amount of Energy released is directly
related to the frequency of the energy
emitted. E = h x f
 where E = energy
 h = Planck’s Constant
 f = frequency
CH 1200 UNIT 5 PART B
 5.2.13 PHOTOELETRIC EFFECT

• PHOTOELETRIC EFFECT: Albert

Einstein proposed that Quanta of Light
called photons striking a metal surface
cause electrons to be dislodged from
atoms . These electrons can form a tiny
current.
• Examples: Photocells in calculators
 Photoelectric switches
CH 1200 UNIT 5 PART B
 5.2.14 BOHR’S HYDROGEN ATOM

• Neils Bohr saw the Hydrogen atom as

having a series of concentric orbits
around the nucleus.
• - Each orbit was circular (Solar System)
• - Each orbit was a discrete distance from
the nucleus.
• - Electrons on each orbit acquired the
energy value associated with that orbit.
CH 1200 UNIT 5 PART B
 5.2.14 BOHR’S HYDROGEN ATOM

• Electrons on a lower level could absorb

energy and move to a higher level.
• These excited electrons would quickly fall
back to their own orbit and give out
energy.
• The energy given out = the energy
absorbed.

CH 1200 UNIT 5 PART B

5.2.14 BOHR’S HYDROGEN ATOM
• Electrons in a Bohr
atom absorbing and
releasing energy.
•

CH 1200 UNIT 5 PART B

 5.2.15 WAVE PROPERTIES OF AN
ELECTRON

• Bohr’s Theory did not apply to atoms more

complex than Hydrogen.
• De Broglie and Schrodinger proposed that
electrons behaved like particles and
waves.
• The position of any given electron is more a
function of a mathematical probability
than a function of a given location

CH 1200 UNIT 5 PART B
5.2.16 QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL

• The Quantum Model of the atom is based

on Mathematical Probability Functions
called Wave Equations.
• These Equations give us the probability
 of finding an electron in a particular
location.

CH 1200 UNIT 5 PART B

 5.2.16 ELECTRON LOCATION AS A
PROBABILITY
• The location of an
electron at any time is
shown as a
probability only.
•
• Each dot shows a
possible location for
an electron.
•

CH 1200 UNIT 5 PART B

 5.2.16 ORBITAL SHAPES
• The first atomic orbital
is sphericalin shape
and therefore 3
dimensional.
•

CH 1200 UNIT 5 PART B

 5.2.16 Quantum Mechanical Model
• One image of a
Quantum Mechanical
Atom is shown
below.

CH 1200 UNIT 5 PART B

5.2.17 ELECTRON QUANTUM NUMBERS

• Energy Levels are identified by Principle

Quantum Numbers or n
• First Energy Level … n = 1
• Second Energy level … n = 2
• Third Energy level … n = 3

CH 1200 UNIT 5 PART B

5.2.17 QUANTUM NUMBERS
• The number of possible orbitals on each
Energy level is given by n 2
• For n = 1 n 2 = 1
• For n= 2 n2 = 4
• For n= 3 n 2 = 9
• For n = 4 n 2 = 16

CH 1200 UNIT 5 PART B

 5.2.17 QUANTUM NUMBES
• For n = 1 n 2 = 1
• For 1st Energy Level → one 1 s Orbital
• For n= 2 n 2= 4
• For the 2nd Energy Level → one 2 s Orbital
& three 2 p Orbitals
• For n = 3 n 2 = 9
• For the 3rd Energy Level → one 3 s
Orbital,
• three 3 p Orbitals & five
CH 1200 UNIT 5 PART B
3 d Orbitals.
 5.2.17 QUANTUM NUMBERS
• As we move up Energy
Levels the electrons
move farther from the
nucleus.
• This image shows how
the 1s orbital
compares in size to
2s.
•

CH 1200 UNIT 5 PART B

 5.2.17 QUANTUM NUMBERS
• The 3 s orbital is larger
than 2s or 1s.
•

CH 1200 UNIT 5 PART B

 5.2.17 QUANTUM NUMBERS
• The 1s orbital is found
inside the 2 s orbital.
Both orbitals have the
Nucleus as their
common center.
• The atom shown at the
right is Lithium with
3 p+ and 3 e -

CH 1200 UNIT 5 PART B

 5.2.18 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
OF AN ATOM

• Electronic Configuration of an atom shows

the exact number of electrons present
AND the location of each electron.
•
• Hydrogen H 1s1
• Helium He 1 s 2
• Lithium Li 1 s 2 2 s 1
• Beryllium Be 1 s 2 2 s 2
CH 1200 UNIT 5 PART B
 5.2.18 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

• After filling 1s and

 2s we move to fill the p

orbitals on the second

Energy Level.


• The p orbitals are

mutually
perpendicular on the
x, y & z axis.

CH 1200 UNIT 5 PART B

 5.2.18 ELECTRONIC
CONFIGURATION
• Filling Sets of P Orbitals
 A set of p Orbitals must be EACH Half-
Filled before any one of them is
Completely Filled.
Boron B 1s2 2s2 2 px1
 Carbon C 1s 2 2s 2 2px1 2py1
 Nitrogen N 1s 2 2s2 2px1 2py1 2pz1
 Oxygen O 1sCH212002s 2 2p 2 2p 1 2p 1
UNIT 5 PART Bx y z
 5.2.19 DRAW ORBITAL DIAGRAMS

• After filling the 2 p

orbitals we must start
on the 3s , 3p and
3d orbitals.
• The shapes of the 3d
orbitals are shown
here.
•

CH 1200 UNIT 5 PART B

 5.2.20 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
AND THE PERIODIC TABLE

• The elements on the Periodic Table are

arranged according to increasing Atomic
Number.
• Each element has one more electron than
the element preceding it.
• The Atomic Orbitals must be filled in
sequence: 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p etc.

CH 1200 UNIT 5 PART B

 5.2.20 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
AND THE PERIODIC TABLE
• The orbitals being filled
for the first 20
elements are shown
here.
•

CH 1200 UNIT 5 PART B

5.2.20 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
AND THE PERIODIC TABLE

CH 1200 UNIT 5 PART B