QUERIES WITH

MULTIPLE
TABLES
BY
MANIKANDAN. R

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DEFINITION

A database usually comprises of many tables.

More than two tables can be joined in a single SQL statement.
This process is called joining one table to another.
Data is being selected from two tables and compiled once.
The main logic is in the WHERE clause.

STUDENT
NAME

MARK1

MARK3

MARK3

TOTAL

AVG

RESULT

RAM

68

90

72

230

76.66

PASS

PARTHI

95

92

80

267

89.00

PASS

PAPPU

45

60

71

176

58.66

PASS

STUDENTINFO
NAME

ADDRESS

P_NUM

DOB

RAM

CHENNAI

223344

12-6-1997

PARTHI

HOSUR

228899

14-1-1996

PAPPU

VELLORE

228855

12-1-1993

 We need to combine two tables.

SELECT STUDENT.NAME, STUDENT.AVG,
STUDENT.RESULT, STUDENTINFO.P_NUM FROM
STUDENT, STUDENTINFO WHERE
STUDENT.NAME=STUDENTINFO.NAME;
RESULT
NAME

AVG

RESULT

P_NUM

RAM

76.66

PASS

223344

PARTHI

89.00

PASS

228899

PAPPU

58.66

PASS

228855

Mention two table names in FROM clause.

Select statement list the columns to be selected.
Column name is pre-fixed with the table name
Ex: student.name
It specifies that the item where the names match are to be
displayed.

SUB QUERIES
Some times we might need to write one SELECT
statement inside another that is called a nested query.

The outer SELECT is called as the outer query.

The inner SELECT is called as the inner query or sub
query.

Suppose we want a list of students whose total marks are

NAME

MARK1

MARK3

MARK3

TOTAL

AVG

RESULT

RAM

68

90

72

230

76.66

PASS

PARTHI

95

92

80

267

89.00

PASS

PAPPU

45

60

71

176

58.66

PASS

greater than the overall average.

SELECT NAME, TOTAL

FROM STUDENT
WHERE TOTAL>(SELECT AVG(TOTAL)
FROM STUDENT;
(OR)
SELECT NAME, TOTAL FROM STUDENT WHERE
TOTAL>224.33;

The inner query is executed first and exactly once.

The average of total for all students is calculated.
Next outer query is executed.
Every row of the student table the inner query is tested once.

RESULT
NAME

MARK1

MARK3

MARK3

TOTAL

AVG

RESULT

RAM

68

90

72

230

76.66

PASS

PARTHI

95

92

80

267

89.00

PASS

JOINS
Join is a query in which data is retrieved from more than one
table.

A join matches data from two or more tables based on the

common column in the tables.

Join is based on a primary key or foreign key make a good join.

SQL joins can be classified into Equi join and Non-Equi join.
SELECT EMPID, ENAME, DEPT,MANAGER
FROM EMP,DEPT
WHERE EMP.DNO=DEPT.DNO;

1.SQL EQUI JOIN

It is a simple sql join condition which uses the equal sign
as the comparison operator.

Two types of equi joins:

1.Inner Join
2.Outer Join

Inner join:
Retrieving the data form two tables.
We need to identify the common column b/w two tables.
SELECT EMPID, ENAME, DEPT,MANAGER
FROM EMP,DEPT
WHERE EMP.DNO=DEPT.DNO;

DNO is a column in both the tables and need a way to be

identified.
ALIASES:

Aliases are used to increase the readability of the sql.

The table name need not be entered each and every time.
Its can be Letter or numbers.

SELECT EMPID, ENAME, DEPT, MANAGER

FROM EMP E, DEPT D
WHERE E.DNO=D.DNO;
OUTTER JOIN:
An outer join does not require each record in the two joined tables
to have a matching record.
An outer join is an extended from ordinary (inner) join.
Not matching rows in the other table will also appear in the result
table with NULL.

1.Left outer join

2.Right outer join
3.Full outer join

LEFT OUTER JOIN:

SELECT *FROM EMP LEFT OUTER JOIN DEPT ON
EMP.DNO=DEPT.DNO ;

The result of left outer join for the table A and B always
contain all records of the left table A.

Does not find any matching records in right table B.

RIGHT OUTER JOIN:
A right outer join closely resembles a left outer join, except
with the treatment of the table reversed.
SELECT *FROM EMP RIGHT OUTER JOIN DEPT ON
EMP.DNO=DEPT.DNO;

FULL OUTER JOIN:

Combines the result of both left and right outer join.

The joined table will contain all records from both table.
Fill in NULL for missing matches on either side.
SELECT *FROM EMP FULL OUTER JOIN DEPT ON
EMP.DNO=DEPT.DNO;

NATURAL JOIN

Comparing all columns in both tables that have the same

column name in the joined table.

The resulting joined tables contains only one column for

each pair of equally named columns.
SELECT *FROM EMP NATURAL JOIN DEPT;

SQL NON EQUI JOIN

Condition is established using all comparison operators
except the equal (=) operator. (>=, <=, >, <, !=)
SELECT F_NAME, L_NAME, SUBJECT
FROM STUDENT
WHERE SUBJECT != MATHS;

UNION
Union operation combines two sets of rows.
Union by retrieving the information from the two SELECT
statements.

Eliminating the duplicates.

SELECT NAME, DOB FROM EMP WHERE COMPANY=CTS
UNION
SELECT NAME, DOB FROM EMPINFO WHERE COMPANY
=CTS;