SEISMIC ANALYSIS - Intro

Seismic

analysisis a subset ofstructural

analysis
Collapse Prevention of Offshore Structures
under extreme earthquake conditions.
The response of a structure towards
earthquake is calculated
Required in the regions where earthquakes
are prevalent
Good understanding of geophysical process
that causes earthquakes and various effects
of earthquakes is required.

Seismic Zones of India

The earthquake zoning map of India divides India into 4
seismic zones (Zone 2, 3, 4 and 5)

Structural analysis methods can be divided into the

following five categories.

Equivalent static analysis

Response spectrum analysis

Linear dynamic analysis

Nonlinear static analysis

Nonlinear dynamic analysis

The dynamic and the static analysis are distinguished

on the basis of whether the applied action has
enough acceleration in comparison to the structure's
natural frequency
Dynamic analysis would be required to find the
response due to earthquake loads on the structure

Primary(P) Waves
Ground

alternately compressed and dilated

in the direction of propagation
Capable of traveling through solids, liquids
and gases
First wave to reach any seismic station or to
be recorded during an earthquake (8-13
km/s)
P-waves propagates radial to the source of
the energy release and the velocity is
expressed by

Secondary(S) Waves
Ground

is displaced perpendicularly to the

direction of propagation
Capable of traveling only through solids
Always recorded after P waves in a seismic
station(5-7 km/s)
The shear wave velocity is given by

Surface Waves
2

types- Rayleigh and Love Waves

These waves travel through the earths crust
Slowest among seismic waves( 3-4 km/s)
Very complex particle motion
Damage potential of these waves highest.

Nature of Propagation

P wave

S wave

Earthquake terminologies

Recording and Scaling

Techniques
Measurement

in
terms
of
ground
displacement, velocity, acceleration
Seismographs measure ground displacement
Accelerometer measure ground acceleration
Various techniques exist for scaling the
intensity of earthquake(MMI, MSK64, RF, JMA
etc.)
Seismic zones in India are categorized using
MSK 64 scale
Earthquake magnitude i.e. the amount of
energy released is measured using Richter
scale.

Seismic Analysis by Equivalent

Static Method
The design horizontal seismic coefficient Ah for
a structure is given by

were Z = zone factor (Service life of structure in a zone)

I = importance factor (Depends on functionality of the
structure)
R= response reduction factor (Characterized by ductile, brittle
deformations)
Sa/g = Average response acceleration coefficient

Design Lateral force

Vb = AhW
Distribution of design base shear in each storey

Response Spectrum
method
It

is a plot of the peak or steady-state

response of a systemof varyingnatural
frequency, that is forced into motion by the
same basevibrationorshock.
Peak spectral responses under linear range
is obtained.

Why preferred:

Time history records of each and every location impossible

to find.

Computational advantage

Response of structure depend on frequency content of

ground motion and its dynamic properties.

It relates structural type-selection to dynamic performance

Methodology:
1. Using Duhamel's integral sol. for
is obtained as

2. |x(t)|max computed for , o

3.

Relative displacement spectra

Absolute acceleration spectra

4.

Pseudo- acc. response spectra

For undamped system Spa = Sa

5. Max. strain energy stored in the system

6. Max. value of base shear

Acceleration response Spectrum of El-centro 1940

earthquake ground motion

Factors influencing Response

Spectrum Values
Energy

release mechanism
Epicentral distance
Focal depth
Soil condition
Richter magnitude
Damping in the system
Time period of the system
Ground Motions are predominant in the horizontal
direction

Process flow (Modal Analysis):

Define the system for analysis

Write the equation of motion

Find the mass matrix, damping matrix and stiffness

matrix

[K-2M] = 0 {Eigen value problem}- can be solved

using various
iterative techniques.

We get 1, 2, 3,.,n and corresponding to each modal

frequencies we get the mode shapes 1, 2, 3, .,n

Check for orthogonality

Get the modal participation factors

Get the final response for each mode of vibration.

Modal participation factors and

the modal equations
The displacement response of the MDOF system is
expressed as

Modal equation of motion is given by

where,

The maximum acceleration response of the structure in

the ith mode found from response spectrum is

Modal Combination methods

Absolute

Sum (ABSSUM) Method

1. The peak responses of all the modes are added

algebraically
2. All modal peaks assumed to occur at same time
3. Provides an upper bound to peak value of total
response

Square

root of sum of squares (SRSS) method

1. Useful when the modal frequencies are separated

enough
2. Yields poor results otherwise

 Complete

quadratic combination (CQC)

method
The maximum response is calculated as

where,
ri and rj are ith and jth mode max. responses
respectively and aij is the correlation coefficient

a.

Modal mass

b.

Modal Participation factor

c.

Design lateral force at each floor in each mode

d.

Storey shear force in each mode

Seismic response by Time

history Analysis

Itprovides for linear ornonlinearevaluation of dynamic

structural response under loading which may vary
according to the specifiedtime function.

Dynamic equilibrium equations are solved using

eithermodalordirect-integrationmethods.

Appropriate initial conditions may be set.

Numerical techniques such as Newark's method and

Runge-kutta method used to solve the differential
equations

Non-linear behavior can be considered by changing

properties at each step

Materialandgeometricnonlinearity, including P-delta

and large-displacement effects, may be simulated
during nonlinear direct-integration time-history analysis.

Software Capabilities
Ability

to use a full structural model for use

in Dynamic Response analysis.
Nonlinear fluid damping effects included
automatically.
Combines seismic results with static results
automatically
Ability to generate response function for any
joint degree of freedom.

Code Guidelines (API RP 2A

WSD)
API

classify Low, Medium or High Seismic

Zones
Low (PGA < 0.05g) No special
requirements
Medium (PGA 0.05 to 0.10g)
1. To satisfy strength requirements
2. Ductility requirements can be waived
3. Joint Design using member capacity
High (PGA > 0.1)
1. Framing Concept to follow API RP 2A
2. Ductility analysis required

Strength requirements
Design Basis:
The platform should be designed to resist the
inertially induced loads produced by the strength
level ground motion.
Structural Modeling:
1. The model should include the 3D distribution of
platform stiffness and mass.
2. All the masses along with added mass to be
considered for dynamic analysis.

Response Analysis:
1. Earthquake loading should be combined with
other simultaneous loadings such as gravity,
buoyancy, and hydrostatic pressure.
2. Gravity loading should include the platform,
actual live loads and 75 percent of the maximum
supply and storage loads.
Response Assessment:
1. The seismic loads should be combined with
static loads
2. For the strength requirement, the basic AISC
allowable stresses may be increased by 70 percent
3. Installation procedures, pile- soil interaction
should be considered for axial and lateral loads.

Ductility check
It

is to ensure that platforms to be located in

seismically active areas have adequate reserve
capacity to prevent collapse under a rare,
intense earthquake although structural damage
may occur.
Various codal provisions are given in API RP-2A
(WSD) whether ductility analysis is required or
not.