Family

Planning

FAMILY PLANNING
is the planning of when to have children, the

use of birth control and other techniques to

implement such plans. Other techniques
commonly used include sexuality education,
prevention and management of sexually
transmitted infections, preconception
counseling and management, and infertility
management.
Sometimes usually used as a synonym for
the use of birth control, though it often
includes more.
Usually applied to a female-male couple who
wish to limit the number of children they
have and/or to control the timing of

Kinds of Family
Planning Methods
Natural Family

Planning
Artificial Family

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Natural
Refers to a variety of methods used to

plan or prevent pregnancy, based on

identifying the womans fertile days.
For all natural planning methods,

avoiding un protected intercourse

during the fertile days is what prevents
pregnancy.
It also known as Fertility Awareness-

based methods.

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Na
Planning
The effectiveness and significant

advantages of NFP address the

needs of diverse populations with
varied religious and ethical beliefs.
They also provide an alternative for

women who want to use natural

methods for medical or personal
reasons.

Kinds of
Natural Family
Planning
Methods

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The Stand
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Is a new
simple fertility awareness-based
method. It relies on a standard rule or a
fixed window of fertility that makes it easy
for women to know when they are likely to
become pregnant.
To avoid pregnancy, a women with cycles

between 26 and 32 days long should not

have unprotected intercourse on cycle days 8
through 19.
Cycle Beads a color coded string of beads

was used

by women to help them to keep

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The S
(SDM)
Clinical trials conducted in

Bolivia, Peru and the

Philippines determined the
effectiveness of the Standard
Days Method. It is more than
95% effective when used
correctly.

Take a look:

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2. The Tw
A new simple approach to NFP.
It relies on a simple algorithm to help women

identify when they are fertile, based upon the

presence or absence of cervical secretions.
If a woman notices any secretions on the
current of previous day, then she is probably
fertile today and should not have unprotected
intercourse if she wants to avoid pregnancy.
If she notices no secretions today and
yesterday (two days in a row without
secretions), then she is not fertile.

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2. The Tw
Results of Two day Method

clinical trial conducted in

Guatemala, Peru and the
Philippines showed that the
method is more than 96%
effective in preventing
pregnancy when used
correctly.

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3.

Also called the Cervical Mucus

Method.
Is based on understanding and
interpreting changing cervical
secretions that are produced at
the neck of the uterus(cervix). At
the time of greatest fertility,
these secretions become clear,
stretchy, slippery and wet.
Couples who wish to avoid
pregnancy abstain from
intercourse from the onset of
cervical mucus symptom until
three days after the last day of
fertile-type secretions.

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3. The
Method

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p by observing their body
m
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their
fertility
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4. B

Women using this method to identify

temperature each morning before

beginning any activity.
The body temperature is lower
before ovulation and rises slightly to
about .2 degrees Celsius or .4
degrees Fahrenheit after ovulation.
Couples who wish to avoid a
pregnancy abstain from intercourse
from the onset of menses until three
days after the womans basal body
temperature has risen, to about .2
degrees Celsius or .4 degrees
Fahrenheit, signifying the end of the
fertile phase.

5.

Abstinence

Couples who do not want

to have a baby and want

to avoid taking artificial
contraceptives, should
keep away from sexual
intercourse during the
fertile days of the woman.
For this method to work
out, the women should
keep track of their
menstrual cycles to know
the timing of their
ovulation and the period
during when there is a
high risk of getting

6.

Withdrawal

In this method, the man

withdraws his penis

from vagina before
ejaculation while having
sex. However, this is
not a full proof method
of birth control, as the
fluid which is secreted
before ejaculation also
contains sperms and
are sufficient to fertilize
an ovum.

Effectiveness of
Natural Family
Methods
Successful use of natural methods to

prevent pregnancy depends upon:

> The accuracy of the method in
identifying the womans actual fertile
days.
> A couples ability to correctly
identify the fertile time.
> The couples ability to follow the
rules of the method they are using.

Advantages and
Disadvantages of
Natural Family
Planning

Advantages
increased self-awareness and knowledge

of their fertility.
Increased reliance on their own resources
rather than a family planning program or
other sources of contraception.
Increased independence from costly or
distant medical services.
Freedom from artificial substances and the
side effects or potential medical risks of
other methods.
Reduced re-supply costs associated with
commodity-based methods.

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Enhanced communication and

intimacy with partner.

Encourages male involvement in

family planning.
For some, the ability to adhere to

religious and cultural norms.

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Dis

The commitment, motivation and

cooperation of both partners is

necessary.
When used for pregnancy prevention,

a couple may experience stress as a

result of not being able to have
unprotected intercourse for several
days in a row during the fertile days.

Artificial
Family
Planning

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modern methods which purpose is to

prevent conception (such as

hormonal, barriers, or combination),
but not abortive methods.

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Plan
(AFP)

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This provides permanent contraception for

women who do not want more children. It

is a safe and simple surgical procedure and
can usually be done with local anesthesia
and light sedation.
A small incision is made by the doctor in
the womans abdomen and the two
fallopian tubes are blocked off or cut. If
these tubes are blocked, the womens egg
cannot meet the mans sperm.
Postpartum tubal ligation is one of the
most effective female sterilization

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1. Female
Advantages:
Very effective.
It is permanent.
Nothing to remember, no supplies

needed and no repeated clinic visits

required.
No interference with sex. Does not
affect a womans ability to have sex.
No known long-term side effects or
health risks.

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1. Female
Disadvantages

Usually painful for several days

after operation.
Certain complications of the
surgery can occur:
Infection or bleeding at the incision.
Internal infection or bleeding.
Injury to internal organs.
Anesthetic risks: with local anesthesia

alone or with sedation, rare risks of

allergic reaction or overdose. With
general anesthesia, occasional delayed

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1. Female S

The right time to undergo Female

Sterilization
A woman can have female
sterilization procedure anytime
that:
She decides that she will never want

children in future.
It is reasonably certain that she is not
pregnant. These times includes:
Immediately after childbirth or within 7 days, if

she has made a voluntary informed choice in

advance.
Six weeks or more after childbirth.
Immediately after abortion (within 48 hours), if

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Steri

Important points to remember:

Permanent family planning method. A
woman must think carefully and decide
she will never want any more children,
before she makes the choice.
It is very effective and involves a safe
and simple surgery.

Just take a Look:

2. Condoms
Are the most commonly used male

contraceptives to escape pregnancy. Using

condoms during sexual intercourse acts
like a barrier for sperm to enter the vagina,
thus restricting their contact with the egg.
Condom also helps in the prevention of

sexually transmitted diseases (STD).

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Advantages:
It prevents STDs, HIV/AIDS, as well as pregnancy,

when used correctly.

It helps protect against conditions caused by STD
pelvic inflammatory disease, chronic pain and possibly
cervical cancer in women, infertility in both men and
women.
Can be used immediately after child birth
It is safe and has no hormonal side effects,
Can be used by men of all ages.
Can be used without seeing a health care provider
first.
Often helps prevent premature ejaculation.

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Disadvantages:

Latex condoms may cause itching or for a few

people who are allergic to latex. In addition,

some people maybe allergic to the lubricant on
some brands of condoms.
May decrease sensation, making sex less
enjoyable for either partner.
Couple must take time to put condom on the
erect penis before sex.
It may be embarrassing for some people to
purchase, ask a partner to use, put on take off
or throw away condoms.

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Women who use oral contraceptives

swallow a pill each day to prevent

pregnancy.
Combined oral contraceptives
contain two hormones similar to
natural hormones in a womans bodyan estrogen and progestin.
Also called combined pills, COCs,
OCs, the pill and birth control pills.

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How do they work?
Stop ovulation(release of eggs from ovaries)
Also thicken cervical mucus, making it difficult

for sperm to pass through.

They do not work by disrupting existing
pregnancy.
How effective?
Effectively as commonly used 6 to 8

pregnancies pr 100 women in first year of use

(1 in every 17 to 1 in every 12).
Very effective when used correctly and
consistently .

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Advantages

Very effective when used correctly.

No need to do anything at time of sexual intercourse.
Increased sexual enjoyment because no need to worry

about pregnancy.
Monthly periods are regular: Lighter monthly bleeding
and fewer days of bleeding, milder and fewer
menstrual cramps.
Can be used at any age from adolescence to
menopause
Fertility returns soon after stopping.
Can be used as an emergency contraceptive after
unprotected sex.
Can prevent or decrease iron deficiency, anemia.

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Helps Prevent:
Ectopic pregnancies
Endometrial cancer
Ovarian cancer
Ovarian cysts
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Breast disease

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Disadvantages
Nausea (most common in first three

months)
Spotting or bleeding between menstrual
periods, especially if woman forgets to
take her pills or takes them late (most
common in first three months).
Hypertension.

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Disadvantage
Not recommended for breast

feeding women because they effect

quality and quantity of milk.
Very rarely can cause stroke, blood
clots in deep veins of the legs, or
heart attack.
Do not protect against sexually
transmitted disease.

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When to start?
The first day of the menstrual bleeding is

best.
Any of the first 7 days after her
menstrual bleeding has stopped.
After she stops breast feeding or 6
months after child birth whichever
comes first.
3-6 weeks after birth. No need to wait
menstrual periods to return to be certain
that she is not pregnant.

Look at these:

4. DMPA Injectible Contraceptives

Women receive these

injections to prevent
pregnancy. This method is
seen to be very effective. A
rate as low as 0.3 per 100
women in the first year of use
have been recorded when
injections are regularly
spaced 3 months apart.
How does it work?
It mainly stops ovulation

(release of eggs from ovaries)

It thickens the cervical
mucus, making it difficult for
sperm to pass through.
It does not disrupt existing
pregnancy.

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Advantages:
It is very effective, and results in long term pregnancy

prevention, which is reversible. One injection can

prevent pregnancy for 3 months.
It does not interfere with sex and can be used at any
stage.
Breast-feeding mothers can feel safe, as it does not
harm the quantity and quality of breast milk. It can be
used by nursing mothers as soon as six weeks after
childbirth.
It has no estrogen side effects.
It helps prevent endomaterial cancer and uterine
fibroids.

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Disadvantages:
Changes in menstrual bleeding are likely,

including light spotting or bleeding, which is

most common in the beginning heavy bleeding,
though rare, too can occur in the beginning.
May cause weight gain (average of 1-2 kilos, or
2-4 lbs, each year).
Head aches, breast tenderness, moodiness,
nausea, hair loss, less sex drive, and or acne in
some women.
Does not protect against sexually transmitted
disease including HIV/AIDS.

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When to start?
During Menstruation: A woman can start anytime she is

reasonable certain that she is not pregnant. If started during

the first seven days after the menstrual bleeding starts, and
if she is still bleeding, no back up method is needed for extra
protection.
Breast-feeding: It can be taken as early as six weeks after
childbirth. If the woman is not breast-feeding after childbirth,
it can be taken immediately or in the first six weeks after
childbirth. She need not wait for her menstrual period to
return. It can also be taken after six weeks, or any time it is
reasonably certain that she is not pregnant. If not reasonably
certain, then it is advisable to avoid sex, or use of condom or
spermicide until her first periods begin and then start DMPA.

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When to start?
After miscarriage or abortion: It can be

started immediately or in the first 7 days after

either first or second trimester miscarriage or
abortion, or later when reasonable certain that
she is not pregnant.
Use of DMPA Injectibles:
They are very effective and safe.
Changes in vaginal bleeding are very normal. It
is not harmful and not a sign of danger.

Look at these:

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5. E
aception
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Sometimes called postcoital or morning after
contraception.
How does it work?
Mainly stops ovulation (release of egg from ovary) but
perhaps also works in other ways. Does not disrupt
existing pregnancy.
How effective?
Seems to prevent about three-fourths of pregnancies
that would otherwise have occurred. (Average chance
of pregnancy due to one act of unprotected
intercourse in the second or third week of the
menstrual cycle is 8%; after emergency oral
contraceptives, 2%). The sooner emergency control
contraceptives are used, the better they prevent
pregnancy.
How to use Emergency Oral Contraception ?
Up to 72 hours after unprotected sex, the woman

6. Vaginal Method
are contraceptives that a

woman places in her vagina

shortly before sex. There are
several vaginal methods:
Spermicides, including

foaming tablets or
suppositories, melting
suppositories, foam, melting
film, jelly and cream.
Diaphragm, a soft rubber
cup that covers the cervix. It
should be used with
spermicidal jelly or cream.
Cervical cap is like the
diaphragm but is smaller. It
is not widely available
outside North America,
Europe, Australia and New
Zealand.

6. Vaginal Method
Advantages:
Safe, woman controlled

methods that almost every

woman can use.
Help prevent some STDs and
conditions caused by STDspelvic inflammatory disease
(PID), infertility, ectopic
pregnancy and possibly cervical
cancer. May offer some
protection against HIV/AIDS, but
this has not been demonstrated
yet.
It offers contraception when
needed. No daily action needed.
No side effects from hormones.
No effect on breast milk.

6. Vaginal Method

Disadvantages:
Side effects:

- Spermicide may cause

irritation to woman or her
partner, especially if used
several times a day.
- Spermicide may cause local
allergic reaction (rarely) in the
woman or her partner.
- Can make urinary tract
infections more common. (A
woman can avoid this by
always after sex).
2. Effectiveness requires having
method at hand and taking

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7. Vas

Vasectomy provides permanent contraception

for men who decide that they will not want

more children. It is a safe, simple and quick
surgical procedure and can be done in a clinic
or office with proper infection prevention
procedures. It is not castration, and does not
affect the testes, and it does not affect sexual
ability.
The doctor makes a small opening in the
mans scrotum (the sac of the skin that holds
his testicles) and closes off both tubes that
carry sperm from his testicles. This keeps the
sperm out of his semen. The man can have
erections and ejaculate semen, while his

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7. Vas
Advantages:
It is very effective and is a permanent

method.
Nothing to remember except to use
condoms or another effective method for
the first 20 ejaculations or the first three
months, whichever comes first.
It does not affect the ability to have sex.
No apparent long-term health risks.

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7. Va
Disadvantages:

Common minor short term complications of surgery:

- Usually uncomfortable for 2 to 3 days

-Usually uncomfortable for 2 to 3 days
- Brief feeling of faintness after the procedure
common complication of surgery:
- Bleeding or infection at the incision site or inside the incision
-Blot clots in the scrotum

Not immediately effective. The first 20 ejaculations after

vasectomy may contain sperm. The couple must use another
contraceptive method for the first 20 ejaculations or the 3
months---whichever comes first.
Reversal surgery is difficult, expensive and not available in most
areas of the world. Success cannot be guaranteed. Men who may
want to have more children in the future should choose a
different method.

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7. Vase
Important points to remember:
It is a permanent family planning

method. A man must think carefully and

decide that he will never want more
children before choosing Vasectomy.
It is very effective after 20 ejaculations
or three months--- whichever comes first.
Involves safe and simple surgery.

Some Pictures of
Vasectomy:

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8. Intraute
(IUD)
usually is a small, flexible plastic frame. It often has copper wire or

copper sleeves on it. It is inserted into a womans vagina through

her uterus. Almost all brands of IUDs have two strings, or threads,
tied to them. The strings hang through the opening of the cervix
into the vagina. A provider can remove the IUD by pulling gently
on the strings with forceps.
The type now most widely used is:
Copper bearing IUDs (made of plastic wit copper sleeves and/or
copper wire on the plastic).
IUDs work chiefly by preventing sperm and egg from meeting.
Perhaps the IUD makes it hard for sperm to move through the
womans reproductive tract, and it reduces the ability of sperm to
fertilize the egg. It could also prevent the egg from implanting
itself in the wall of the uterus.
It is very effective as commonly used. And shows a rate of only 3
pregnancies per 100 women.

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8.
(IUD)
Advantages:
A single decision leads to effective long-term prevention of

pregnancy.
Long lasting. The most widely used IUD (outside China),
the Tcu-380A, lasts at least 10 years. Inert IUDs need never
be replaced.
They are very effective and very little need be
remembered.
No interference with sex.
Increased sexual enjoyment because there is no need to
worry about pregnancy.
It can be inserted be inserted immediately after childbirth
(except hormone releasing IUDs) or after induced abortion
(if there is no evidence of infection).

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8.
(IUD)
Disadvantages:
Common side effects: Menstrual changes (common in the first 3 months but

likely to lessen after three months:

-Longer and heavier menstrual periods
-Bleeding or spotting between periods
-More cramps or pain during periods
Other uncommon side effects and complications:
-Severe cramps and pains beyond the first 3 to 5 years after insertion
- Heavy menstrual bleeding or bleeding between periods, possibly contributing to
anemia.
-More likely with inert IUDs than with copper or hormone releasing IUDs.
Other uncommon side effects and complications:
- Severe cramps and pain beyond the first 3 to 5 days after insertion
- Heavy menstrual bleeding or bleeding between periods, possibly contributing to
anemia. More like with inert IUDs than with copper or hormone-releasing IUDs
- Perforation (piercing) of the wall of the uterus (very rare if the IUD is properly
inserted).
Does not protect against sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) including
HIV/AIDS. Not a good method for women with recent STDs or with multiple sex
partners (or partners with multiple sex partners).
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is more likely to follow STD infection if a
woman uses an IUD. PID can lead to infertility.

Look!! =]

Reproductive
Health

Reproductive Health
is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being

and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in all

matters relating to the reproductive system and to its
functions and processes.
Reproductive health therefore implies that people are able to
have a satisfying and safe sex life and that they have the
capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when
and how often to do so.
Implicit in this last condition is the right of men and women
to be informed and to have access to safe, effective,
affordable and acceptable methods of family planning of
their choice, as well as other methods of their choice for
regulation of fertility which are not against the law, and the
right of access to appropriate health-care services that will
enable women to go safely through pregnancy and childbirth
and provide couples with the best chance of having a healthy
infant.

Importance of Reproductive
Health
The right to enjoy reproductive health is related to

having healthy children and grown-ups, and happy

relationships and families.
Reproductive health for women is important because
women face health problems in relation to their
reproductive system that could cause maternal
mortality. They face complications during pregnancy
and childbirth and are more prone to risks while
preventing unplanned pregnancies, unsafe abortions,
reproductive tract infections and in using
contraception.
By teaching the youth the basics of reproductive
health and responsible parenthood would help reduce
teen pregnancies and alleviate the spread of sexually
transmitted diseases. It is founded on the basis that

Reproductive Health and Safe

Motherhood
The WHO defines maternal mortality as "the death of a woman

while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy,

irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, from any
cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its
management but not from accidental or incidental causes."
Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) is the ratio of the number of
maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. The MMR is used as a
measure of the quality of a health care system.
The 2006 Family Planning Survey determined maternal
mortality through an interview conducted with about 45,000
women in April 2006. The survey definesd MMR as the number
of women who die from any cause related to or aggravated by
pregnancy or its management (excluding accidental or
incidental causes) during pregnancy and childbirth or within 42
days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration
and site of the pregnancy, per 100,000 live births.

Reproductive Health and Safe

Motherhood
The MDGs target is to reduce by three

quarters the number of maternal deaths

between 1990 and 2015. For the
Philippines, and using the 1993 NDS MMR
as base estimate, the number of maternal
deaths per 100,000 live births in 2015
should be equal to 53. The 2006 FPS MMR
is a decrease of only 22% from the base
estimate, meaning maternal health
stakeholders need to exert greater efforts
to meet the MDG target.

Reproductiv

e Health and
Safe
Motherhood

Okey!!The
End na!!!!