Chapter 4.

3
Circular
Functions

Sine Function
Let P be the wrapping function. Then if
P t x,y ,
the sine function is defined as
sin t y.

Cosine Function
Let P be the wrapping function. Then if
P t x,y ,
the cosine function is defined as
cos t x.

Example 4.3.1
Evaluate the following.
1. sin 2 0

P 2 1,0

cos 2 1

3
2

2. sin
cos
2
3

1 3
2
P
,

3
2
2

2
1

2
3

 3
7
3. cos

2
6
3 1
7
P
,

6
2
2

1
7
sin

6
2

Tangent and Cotangent

Functions
Let P be the wrapping function. Then if
P t x,y ,
then
y
tan t , x 0
x
x
cot t , y 0
y

Secant and Cosecant

Functions
Let P be the wrapping function. Then if
P t x,y ,
then
1
sec t , x 0
x
1
csc t , y 0
y

P t x,y
sin t y

cos t x

y
tan t , x 0
x
1
sec t , x 0
x

x
cot t , y 0
y
1
csc t , y 0
y

Example 4.3.2

Find the 6 circular function values when t .

3
3
1 3

1. sin
P ,

2
3
2
2
3

1

2. cos
2
3
3

2 3
3. tan
1
3
2
1
1
3

2
4. cot

3
3 3
3
2

Example 4.3.2

Find the 6 circular function values when t .

3

5. sec

6. csc

2
3

2 2 3

3
3
3

1 3

P ,

2
2
3

Example 4.3.3
Find the 6 circular function values when t .
1. sin 0

2. cos 1
0
3. tan 0
1
4. cot is undefined
1
5. sec
1
1
6. csc is undefined

P 1,0

Challenge!
Evaluate the following as fast as you can.

1. cos

2. tan

3. sin

4. cot

2
1

3
2

5. sec

4
2
3

1
4
11
1

6
2

3
6

6. csc 0 is undefined
2
5
7. sin

4
2

3

8. tan

3

Domain, Range, and Graphs

1. f t sin t
Dom f

Rng f 1,1

P t x,y
sin t y

Domain, Range, and Graphs

2. f t cos t
Dom f

Rng f 1,1

P t x,y
cos t x

Domain, Range, and Graphs

3. f t tan t

P t x,y

tan t y

Dom f t t
,k is an odd integer
2

Rng f

Domain, Range, and Graphs

P t x,y
cot t x
4. f t cot t
y
Dom f t t k , k is an integer
Rng f

Domain, Range, and Graphs

5. f t sec t

P t x,y

sec t 1

Dom f t t
,k is an odd integer
2

Rng f ,1 1,

Domain, Range, and Graphs

P t x,y
csc t 1
6. f t csc t
y
Dom f t t k , k is an integer
Rng f ,1 1,

Periodic Functions

Periodic functions are functions whose values

repeat after a fixed interval.
The fixed interval is called the period.

Periodic Functions
The six circular functions are periodic.

period

Cycle
A cycle is simply the portion of a graph of a
function over an interval of length equal
to the period.

1 cycle

1 cycle

1 cycle

Amplitude

The amplitude of a graph of the sine or

cosine function refers to one-half the
absolute difference between the highest
and the lowest function values.

Amplitude

1
1
amplitude 1 1 2 1
2
2

Sine and Cosine Functions

Form:

f x asinb x h k

g x acosb x h k
Domain:

Range:

k a ,k a

Amplitude: a

2
Period:
b

Sine and Cosine Functions

Horizontal Phase Shift:
h 0: h units to the right.
h 0: h units to the left.
Vertical Phase Shift:
k 0: k units upward.
k 0: k units downward.

Example 4.3.4
For the following item,
a. find the domain and range.
b. find the amplitude.
c. find the period.
d. identify the horizontal phase shift.
e. identify the vertical phase shift.
f. sketch 1 cycle of the graph.


f x 2sin

x
1
1 2sin x 0 1
2
2
1
a 2
b
h 0
k1
2
Dom f
Rng f k a ,k a 1,3
amplitude: a 2
2 2
p

4
b 1
2

h 0

k1

horizontal phase shift:

vertical phase shift:

none
1 unit upward.

h 0
p 4
0

x
y

 x
f x 2sin 1
2

f 0 2sin

-1

0
1 2 0 1 1
2

1 2 1 1 1
2
2
f 2 2sin
1 2 0 1 1
2
3
f 3 2sin
1 2 1 1 3
2
4
f 4 2sin
1 2 0 1 1
2

f 2sin

-1

2
1
1
2
3

Dom f

Rng f 1,3

Subdivision of a Period
In general, we may consider the following
subdivision of one period.

p
h
4

p
h
2

3p
h
4

h p

Fundamental Curve
Fundamental Domain:

0,2

p 2 :

extend the graph until it covers

p 2 :

the fundamental domain.

start at 0 and the graph should
contain one complete period
even if it exceeds 2 .

Example 4.3.5

Sketch the fundamental curve of f x 2sin

p 4 2

2
1
1
2
3

x
1.
2

fundamental curve

Example 4.3.6
For the following item,
a. find the domain and range.
b. find the amplitude.
c. find the period.
d. identify the horizontal phase shift.
e. identify the vertical phase shift.
f. sketch 1 cycle of the graph.
g. sketch the fundamental curve.

g x 3cos 2x 3cos2 x
2

g x 3cos2 x
2

a 3

b 2

Dom g

h
2

k 0

Rng g k a ,k a 3,3
amplitude: a 3
2
p


h
k 0
2
horizontal phase shift:
vertical phase shift:

units to the left

2
none


h
2

4 4

2
x
y

4
-/2

-/4

/4

2
/2

g x 3cos 2x

-/2

-/4

/4

/2

-3

g
3cos 2
3cos 0 3 1 3
2
2

g
3cos 2
3cos 3 0 0
4
4
2

g 0 3cos 2 0 3cos 3 1 3

3
g 3cos 2 3cos
3 0 0
4

2
4

g 3cos 2
3cos 2 3 1 3
2
2

-/2

-/4

/4

/2

-3

3
2

0
1
2

p 2

3
2
1

4 1
2

3
4

5
4

3
2

7
4

h x 4sin 2x 2 4sin2 x 2
2

a 4
b 2
h
k 2
2
Dom h
Rng h k a ,k a 2,6
amplitude: a 4
2
p


h
2

k 2

horizontal phase shift:

vertical phase shift:

units to the right

2
2 units upward


h
2

4 4

x
y

/2

5
4

3
4

3/4

5/4

3
2
3/2

h x 4sin 2x 2
x

/2

3/4

5/4

3/2

-2

6
5
4
3
2
1
1
2

3
4

5
4

3
2

Dom h

Rng h 2,6

6
5
4
3
2
1
1
2

3
4

5
4

3
2

7
4