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FIBRE ROPES

Natural fibre ropes manila, hemp and sisal


Man made fibre ropes
Nylon the strongest of the man made fibres, it gas
high energy absorption and the ability to endure
heavy repeat loading. When in water it sinks
Polyester has a good abrasion resistance and a
lower extension than most synthetic ropes. It has
equal strength when wet or dry. It sinks in water
Polypropylene the most common type of mooring
rope due to its ability to float. It is of equal strength
wet or dry.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGE OF FIBRE ROPES


Advantage
Do not melt
Gives audible warning if breaking point is approaching
Do not recoil as much as synthetic when broken
Not susceptible to moderate heat and sunlight
damage
Can be surged and rendered on drum ends
Can be opened up for internal inspection without
damaging the rope
Easily spliced

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGE OF FIBRE ROPES

Disadvantages
Susceptible to rot and mildew
Not as strong as synthetic ropes as the same
size
Has small stretching ability
Not easy to handle.
Has a tendency to swell and stiffen with age and
damp which makes large mooring ropes difficult
to work with
If wet can freeze in very cold conditions.

CARE AND HANDLING OF FIBRE ROPES

All synthetic fibre ropes have varying qualities of resistance


to chemicals, acids, alkalis , etc, they should be stowed in
well ventilated dry compartments away from such material.
Do not stow on deck, even for short voyages
Keep mooring ropes covered as exposure to strong sunlight
is detrimental to ropes.
Stow on gratings.
Do not stow near heat e.g. engine room
Inspect regularly internal and external for wear and tear.
Eye splices should have not less than 4 tucks
Avoid over loading the ropes around sharp angles
Wash rope with fresh water if being splashed by corrosives

CARE AND HANDLING OF FIBRE


ROPES

Keep wires and other ropes in different leads


Sections of ropes which are prone to abrasion
should be protected by leather sheaths
Synthetic ropes have low melting points,
therefore do not surge or render on drum ends.
Do not use more than 3 turns
Always stopper with the same kind of rope.
No audible sound before a synthetic rope parts.

BREAKING STRENGTH
Manila = 2D2/300
Poly propylene = 3D2/300
Terylene = 4D2/300
Nylon = 5D2/300

WIRE ROPES

Modern wire rope was invented by the German mining


engineer Wilhelm Albert in the years between 1831
and 1834 for use in mining in the Harz Mountains and
was quickly accepted because it proved superior to
ropes made of hemp or to metal chains, such as had
been used before.
Wilhelm Albert's first ropes consisted of wires twisted
about a hemp rope core, six such strands then being
twisted around another hemp rope core in alternating
directions for extra stability. Earlier forms of wire rope
had been made by covering a bundle of wires with
hemp.

Manufacturing a wire rope is similar to making one from natural


fibres. The individual wires are first twisted into a strand, then six
or so such strands again twisted around a core. This core may
consist of steel, but also of natural fibres such as sisal, manila,
henequen, jute, or hemp. This is used to cushion off stress forces
when bending the rope.
This flexibility is particularly vital in ropes used in machinery such
as cranes or elevators as well as ropes used in transportation
modes such as cable cars, cable railways, funiculars and aerial lifts
. It is not quite so essential in suspension bridges and similar uses.
Wire rope is often sold with vinyl and nylon coatings. This
increases weather resistance and overall durability, however it can
lead to weak joints if the coating is not removed correctly
underneath joints and connections.

Safe working load- is the stress that a


component of a lifting apparatus can
safely bear in normal use
Breaking stress or strength is the
stress at which a component will fracture
Factor of safety is a factor used to
divide the breaking stress to obtain the
safe working load. It is usually 4 to 8. for
wire rope it is 5 and fibre rope is 6

BREAKING STRENGTH

6 strand, 12 wires per strand 15d2/500


6 strand, 24 wires per strand 20d2/500
6 strand, 37 wires per strand 21d2/500

SWL must be clearly marked on every


component of the lifting gear

Ordinary lay The lay of wires in each strand


is in the opposite direction to the lay of the
strands that form the wire.
Lang's lay The lay of wires in each strand is
in the same direction as the lay of the strands
that form the wire.
Alternate lay The lay of wires in the strands
alternate around the rope between being in
the opposite and same direction to the lay of
the strands that form the wire rope.

RIGHT HAND LANG LAY

LEFT HAND ORDINARY LAY

6x19 FC RH OL FSWR

6 Number of strands that make up the rope


19 Number of wires that make up each
strand
FC Fibre core
RH Right hand lay
OL Ordinary lay
FSWR Flexible steel wire rope

Distortion of the rope by kinking, crushing, crippling, etc, is likely to


reduce the strength of the rope by 30%.
At sub zero temp the steel wires will brittle and the rope may part
with out warning. Further the flexibility is reduced. How ever the
wire will regain its normal characteristics.
Wire rope is declared unfit in length of eight diameters the total
number of visible broken wires exceeds 10% of the number of wires
in the rope
E.g. consider wire rope with a diameter of 24 mm. suppose it is a six
stranded rope with 24 wires in a strand . The total number of wires
is thus 144. hence if any length of roughly 19cm the total number of
visible broken wires exceeds 14, then the wire is condemned unfit.
The wire is also declared unfit for use if corrosion, wear, etc is
considered excessive by the person inspecting.

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