Module contents theory

1.

Introduction

2.

Milk composition

3.

Physiochemical features of milk

4.

Milk processing

5.

Dairy products manufacturing

6.

Dairy microbiology

7.

Dairy factory and the environment

8.

Quality assurance of milk & milk products

4. Milk processing
1.

Collection and reception of milk

2.

Clarification

3.

Centrifugal separation

4.

Membrane filtration

5.

Standardisation

6.

Homogenization

7.

Pasteurization

8.

Sterilization

9.

Concentration

4. Membrane filtration

What is Membrane filtration?

1.

Principle

Why needs Membrane filtration?

2.

Importance

Methods of Membrane filtration?

3.

Application

1. What is Membrane
Filtration?

Filtration of milk through various

membranes

With various pore sizes and pressures

Permits for concentrating of milk components

Permits for separating of milk components

No use of heat

Raw milk

Composition ?

Milk
constituent
s
Composition ?

2. Why needs Membrane Filtration?

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For separating milk constituents

For manufacturing various dairy

Membrane Processing permits;

1.

Impurity separation

2.

Water separation

3.

Cream separation

4.

Skim milk separation

5.

Whey protein separation

6.

Casein protein separation

7.

Lactose separation

3. Methods of Membrane Filtration?

Principle of membrane processing

Reverse of the osmotic pressure

Osmotic pressure:

When a solution & water separated by a semi-permeable membrane

Water move into solution

Make equilibrium

This is due to

Chemical force caused by concentration gradient

Known as Osmotic pressure

Reverse osmosis is the principle of membrane processing

Cont; Methods of Membrane

Filtration?
Osmosis & osmotic pressure

Cont; Methods of Membrane Filtration?

Reverse-osmosis

Cont; Methods of Membrane Filtration

If mechanical force > osmotic pressure

Water move against concentration gradient

It is Reverse of the osmosis

Called Membrane Processing

Particles are separated on

Their molecular size

Shape

Technique used

Pressure

Specially designed semi-permeable membranes

Cont; Methods of Membrane Filtration?

Cont; Methods of Membrane Filtration?

According to pressure & pore size; 4 types

of MP
1.

Reverse Osmosis/Hyper-filtration

2.

Nano filtration

3.

Ultra filtration

4.

Di-filtration

Microfiltration

1. Reverse osmosis
RO designates a membrane separation process

Concentration of milk by removal of water

Driven by a pressure gradient

It is a concentration process

Membrane separates water from milk components

Membrane pore size is very small

Pass only small amounts of solutes

Use cellulose acetate membranes

Very low molecular weight solutes

Heat milk to 40C

Use composite membranes

Heat milk to 70 to 80C

Cont; Reverse osmosis

Concentrate milk solvent

Membrane pore size

10-4-10-3
m

Pressure 30 to 60 bars (700

psi)

Collect

Permeate

Retentate

Cont; Reverse osmosis

2. Nano filtration

Concentration of organic components

By removal of water & minerals

Membrane pore size 10-3-10-2 m -

Pressure 20 to 40 bars (470 psi)

Membrane material

Polysulfane membranes

Heat milk to 50-60C

3. Ultra-filtration

Concentration of large and macro molecules

Fat

Protein

Membrane pore size 10-2-10-1 m

Pressure 1 to 10 bars (80 psi)

Heat milk to 50-60C

Lactose & minerals pass into permeate

A 50% separation ratio

Cont; Ultra-filtration
In the retentate would be
100% of fat

100% of protein

50% of lactose

50% of free minerals

Di-filtration

A modification of ultra-filtration

Retentate further diluted with water

Re-ultra filtered

Reduce the concentration of soluble permeate

components

Increase further the concentration of retained

components

Cont; Di-filtration

4. Micro-filtration

Removal of bacteria & separation of macro molecules

Use larger membrane pore size 10-1-101 m

Allow to pass particles from 0.2 to 2 micrometers

Pressure - < 1 bars (15 psi)

Heat milk to 50-60C

MF use for making low-heat sterile milk

As proteins may pass through but bacteria do not

Cont; Microfiltration
flowchart

Application of Microfiltration in pasteurized milk manufacturin

Cont; Methods of Membrane Filtration?

Cont; Methods of Membrane

Filtration?

Cont; Methods of Membrane Filtration?

Cont; Membrane filtrations

Spectrum of application of membrane filtration in dairy

industry

Batch membrane filtering unit

Batch membrane filtering unit

Cont; Membrane filtering unit

Cont; Membrane filtering unit

Whey manufacturing by membrane filtering

Whey/lactose manufacturing by membrane filtering

Dialysis
Use the concentration difference as a driving
force for separating large particles from small
ones in a solution