Module 4 - 1

Module 4

Weld Joint
Geometry
-----Welding and NDE
A
W
S
Symbols
m e r i c a n

e l d i n g

o c i e t y

ANSI/AWS A3.0 - 94

Module 4 - 2

Standard Welding
Terms and
Definitions

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Module 4 - 3

Introduction - 1 of 2
The geometry of joints and welds
must be clearly stated and understood
by all parties involved with fabrication
Terminology used per A3.0 and A2.4
Dont use slang terms
Welding symbols are a shorthand
method for clearly stating exactly
what welding is to be done and where

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Module 4 - 4

Introduction - 2 of 2
Joint and Weld geometry per A3.0-94
Classroom discussion on A3.0
Welding Symbols per A2.4-98
Classroom discussion on A2.4-98
WIT Module 4 - additional Study
Guide

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Weld or Joint Geometry &

Terms

Module 4 - 5

Imperative to know the difference

between a joint and a weld and
use terms properly
Standard terms must be used when
dealing with weld joint and weld
geometry to avoid errors in
communication

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Module 4 - 6

5 Basic Joint Types

Refer to A3.0-94, Fig 1, page 41
Butt
Corner
T-Joint
Lap
Edge

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Module 4 - 7

Butt Joint
A Joint between
2 members
aligned
approximately
in the same
plane

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Butt Joint - Applicable

Welds

Module 4 - 8

Bevel-groove
Flare-bevelgroove
Flare-v-groove
J-groove
Square-groove

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U-groove
V-groove
Edge-flange
Braze

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Module 4 - 9

Corner Joint
A Joint between 2
members located
approximately at
right angles to
each other in the
form of an L

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Corner Joint - Applicable

Welds

Module 4 - 10

Fillet
Bevel-groove
Flare-bevel-groove
Flare-v-groove
J-groove
Square-groove
U-groove

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V-groove
Plug
Slot
Spot
Seam
Projection
Braze

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Module 4 - 11

T-Joint
A Joint between 2
members located
at approximately
right angles to
each other in the
form of a T

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Module 4 - 12

T Joint - Applicable Welds

Fillet
Bevel-groove
Flare-bevelgroove
J-groove
Square-groove
Plug

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Slot
Spot
Seam
Projection
Braze

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Module 4 - 13

Lap Joint
A Joint between 2
overlapping
members in
parallel planes

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Lap Joint - Applicable

Welds

Module 4 - 14

Fillet
Bevel-groove
Flare-bevelgroove
J-groove
Plug

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Slot
Spot
Seam
Projection
Braze

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Module 4 - 15

Edge Joint
A Joint between
the edges of 2 or
more parallel, or
nearly parallel,
members

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Edge Joint - Applicable

Welds

Module 4 - 16

Bevel-groove
Flare-bevelgroove
Flare-v-groove
J-groove
Square-groove

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U-groove
V-groove
Edge
Seam

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Module 4 - 17

Joint Nomenclature
Refer to A3.0-94, Figs 4, 5, 6, 7, pages
44
- 47
Joint
Groove radius
root
Groove face
Root edge
Root face
Bevel angle
Depth of bevel
Groove angle

Root opening
Edge shapes

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square
single or double bevel
single or double J
round

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Module 4 - 18

Figure 4

Joint Root

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Module 4 - 19

Figure 5
Groove
Face

Root Edge

Root Face

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Module 4 - 20

Figure 6

Bevel Angle

Bevel Depth

Groove Angle

Groove Radius

Root Opening

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Module 4 - 21

Figure 7 -

Edge Shapes

Square

Single Bevel

Double Bevel

Single J

Double J

Flange

Round

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Joint Geometry - Key

Learnings

Module 4 - 22

Refer to A3.0-94, Figures 4, 5, 6, pages 44 46

A joint root can be linear in nature, or an
area
A surface can be both a Root face & a
Groove face
An angle can be both a Bevel angle and a
Groove angle

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Module 4 - 23

Weld Joints
Refer to A3.0-94, Figs 8, 9, 10, 14, 15
Single groove Double-groove Flanged Joints Seam and Spot Various

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p 48
p 49
p 50
p 53
p 54
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Figure 8 -

Module 4 - 24

Single Groove
Welds

Single
Single
Single
Single
Single
Single
Single

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Square
Bevel
V
J
U
Flare Bevel
Flare V

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Figure 8 -

Module 4 - 25

Single Groove
Welds

Double
Double
Double
Double
Double
Double
Double

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Square
Bevel
V
J
U
Flare Bevel
Flare V

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Module 4 - 26

Figure 10 -

Flanged Welds

Edge - Flanged Butt

Edge - Melt Through
Edge - Flanged Corner
Square, Flare V
RSW in Flanged Corner
Fillet, Flare-Bevel in T

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Figure 14 -

Module 4 - 27

Seam, Spot
Welds

Arc Seam Weld

EB Seam Weld
RSW Seam Weld
RSW Spot Welds
Arc Spot Welds

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Module 4 - 28

Figure 15 -

Various Welds

Upset Weld
Flash Weld
Surfacing Weld
Slot Welds
Plug Welds
Fillet Welds

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Module 4 - 29

Welding Position
Refer to A3.0-94, Figs 16 - 21, pages 55 - 64
Review position diagrams & tables for groove
and fillet welds in plate and pipe - pages 55-57
Review welding test positions for groove and
fillet welds on plate and pipe - pages 58-63
Note error in Fig 19D, page 61
Review Torch Position in Fig 21, page 64

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Module 4 - 30

Welding Beads, Sequences

Refer to A3.0-94, Figs 22 -23, pages
65 - 67
Stringer bead
Block sequence
Weave bead
Cascade
sequence
Backstep
Layers vs beads
sequence

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Module 4 - 31

Parts Of A Weld
Refer to A3.0-94, Fig 24, pages
68 - 70
Toe
Bead
Face
Back weld
Face reinforcement
Backing weld
Root reinforcement
Spacer
Root surface
Heat-Affected
Weld Root
Zone (HAZ)

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Module 4 - 32

Figure 24 -

Parts of Welds

Weld Face
Weld Toe
Face Reinforcement
Root Reinforcement
Weld Root
Back Weld
Backing Weld

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Module 4 - 33

Figure 24 -

Parts of Welds

Weld Root
Leg, Face, Toe
Spacer
Weld Metal
Heat Affected
Zone

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Module 4 - 34

Figure 24 -

Parts of Welds

Weld Root
Weld Bead
Dilution Percent

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Module 4 - 35

Weld Sizes & Terms

Refer to A3.0, Fig 25,
pages 71 - 72
Concave Fillet
Convex Fillet

Leg
Leg, size equal
Size (less than leg
Convexity
length)
Concavity
Actual throat
Effective throat Actual, Effective throats
equal
Theoretical throat
Theoretical throat

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Module 4 - 36

Convex Fillet Weld

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Concave Fillet Weld

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Module 4 - 37

o c i e t y

Module 4 - 38

Joint & Root Penetration

Note Incomplete Joint Penetration

dimension

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Incomplete Joint
Penetration

Module 4 - 39

Refer to A3.0, Fig 26 pages 75 - 76

Term used only in reference to
groove welds
If only Partial Penetration is
intended, it is incorrect to refer to
the weld as Incomplete Joint
Penetration

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Incomplete Joint
Penetration

Module 4 - 40

(Or Partial Joint Penetration if

intended)
EAtotal
m e r i can
c a n never
W e l be
d i n>
g base
S o cmetal
i e t y

Incomplete Joint Penetration

Error

Module 4 - 41

Error !
Correct
Dimensi
on
Fig 26 (c) - page 75 - Incomplete Joint
Penetration
reference dimension is
in error
A m e on
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Melt-through, Root
Surfaces

Module 4 - 42

Refer to A3.0-94, Fig 27, page 77

Melt-through
Convex root surface
Concave root surface

Slang term is suck back - Dont Use

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Module 4 - 43

Incomplete Fusion
Refer to A3.0-94, Fig 29, page 79
Used in reference to both groove
and fillet welds
Slang term often misused is cold
lap

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Module 4 - 44

Incomplete Fusion - 1 of 2

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Module 4 - 45

Incomplete Fusion - 2 of 2

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Module 4 - 46

Fusion Weld Terms

Refer to A3.0, Figure 30, page 80

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Module 4 - 47

Weld Discontinuities
Refer to A3.0-94, Fig 32, 33, pages 82
- 83
Cracks - see nomenclature in Fig 33
Undercut
Overlap
Underfill

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Module 4 - 48

ANSI/AWS A2.4-98
Standard
Symbols for
Welding,
Brazing, and
Nondestructive
Examination
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Welding Symbols Introduction

Module 4 - 49

Refer to A2.4-98
A shorthand method of conveying
welding information
AWS system used all over the world
Modified as necessary to reflect needs
of industries
Very simple, but a very powerful system
for conveying information

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Weld Symbol vs Welding

Symbol

Module 4 - 50

A Weld Symbol indicates the type of

Weld, and may be a part of the:
Welding Symbol - the complete
information needed to convey the
necessary welding information to all
parties, including the welder. It
contains several elements, including
the Weld Symbol.

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Weld Symbols

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Module 4 - 51

o c i e t y

Module 4 - 52

Groove Weld Types - 8

Square
Scarf
V
Bevel

U
J
Flare-V
Flare-bevel

The above welds may be applied to

one side or both sides of the joint,
or in combination.

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Module 4 - 53

Other Weld Types - 11

Fillet
Plug or Slot
Stud *
Spot or
Projection

Seam
Back or Backing
Surfacing *
Edge

* Stud and surfacing symbols are

always placed below reference
line.

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Module 4 - 54

Weld Symbols - Rules

Symbols with a perpendicular leg shall
have the perpendicular leg drawn on
the left side of the symbol. (fillet,
bevel-groove, J-groove, and flarebevel-groove)
The symbols for Stud and Surfacing
welds shall always be drawn below the
reference line.

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Welding Symbol

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Module 4 - 55

o c i e t y

Supplementary
Symbols

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o c i e t y

Elements of Welding
Symbols

Optional Elements

Required
Elements

Reference Line always horizontal

Arrow

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Module 4 - 57

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Multiple reference lines

Tail
Weld Symbol
Dimensions
Supplementary Symbols
Finish
Specification, Process

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Module 4 - 58

Arrow Notation

Information applicable
to the arrow side of the
joint is placed below
the reference line

Information applicable
to the other side of a
joint is placed above
the reference line

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Module 4 - 59

Arrow Side Weld Symbols

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Module 4 - 60

Other Side Weld Symbols

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Module 4 - 61

Side Significance
The Weld Symbol
straddles the
reference line when
there is no side
Significance

Resistance Spot Weld

Resistance Seam Weld

Flash Weld

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Module 4 - 62

Break in Arrow Line

A break in the
arrow line signifies
that the member
the arrow points to
is the member
receiving the edge
preparation.

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Module 4 - 63

Combined Weld Symbols

For joints
requiring more
than one weld
type, a weld
symbol shall be
used to specify
each weld

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Module 4 - 64

Multiple Arrows
Two or more
arrows may be
used for a single
reference line to
denote locations
where identical
welds are
specified.

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Module 4 - 65

Multiple Reference Lines

Two or more
reference lines may
be used to indicate
a sequence of
operations.
The first operation
is always on the
reference line
nearest the arrow.

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Field Weld & Weld AllAround

Module 4 - 66

The Field Weld symbol

is a solid flag, and is
always located at
junction of the arrow
and reference line.
The Weld All-Around
symbol is a circle and
is located at junction
of the arrow and
reference line.

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Module 4 - 67

Tail
The Tail is used to
specify welding
process
information or
other such
information
needed to convey
the necessary
welding details.

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Module 4 - 68

Welding and NDE Symbols

Welding and NDE symbols

can be combined on the
same reference line, or on
separate multiple reference
lines.
Combining welding and NDE
symbols on multiple
reference lines often clarifies
the exact sequence of
operations required.

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Module 4 - 69

Weld Contours & Finishing

Weld surfaces can be

contoured to several
shapes; convex, concave,
flush, or flat.
Finishing methods are
abbreviated as shown.
U denotes contour
method is Unspecified
Contour symbol w/o finish
symbol means as-welded

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Module 4 - 70

Symbol Dimensions?
Tolerances, if required, are to be placed in tail
Welding Symbols are usually drawn without
dimension units such as inches or millimeters.
But, Welding Symbols to be used for
publications or those requiring high precision
should be dimensioned and have the
dimensional tolerances noted within the tail.

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Symbol Examples

Arrow side - V- groove

Other side - V- groove

Both sides - V- groove

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Module 4 - 71

o c i e t y

Symbol Examples

Back or Backing,
single J-groove,
fillet

Single-bevelgroove, double
fillet

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Module 4 - 72

o c i e t y

Module 4 - 73

Symbol Examples

Weld allaround
symbol is a
very useful
symbol

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requirements are very
simple to sketch using
symbol

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Symbol Examples

Square-groove butt
with melt-through

Edge weld on
flanged butt with
melt-through

Edge weld on
flanged corner joint
with melt-through

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Module 4 - 74

o c i e t y

Groove Weld Dimensions - 1

of 9

Module 4 - 75

Depth of Bevel, S, and

Size of Weld, (E) placed
to the left of the
symbol

1/4 inch bevel with a

3/8 inch weld
(No dimensions means
complete penetration)

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Groove Weld Dimensions 2 of 9

Module 4 - 76

Refer to A2.4, Fig 15, pg

31

Examples of Groove Weld

Bevel & Weld Dimensions

No dimensions means
complete penetration

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Groove Weld Dimensions 3 of 9

Module 4 - 77

The Root Opening

is placed within the
weld symbol or just
outside, and only
on one side of the
reference line
Inches or mm per
shop practice

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Groove Weld Dimensions 4 of 9

Module 4 - 78

Groove Angle is
placed just
outside the
weld symbol

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Groove Weld Dimensions 5 of 9

Module 4 - 79

The length of the weld shall be placed to the

right of the weld symbol. No dimension required
if weld is continuous for full length of joint.

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Groove Weld Dimensions 6 of 9

Module 4 - 80

Pitch is the distance between centers of adjacent

weld segments. Pitch length is shown to the right
of the weld length dimension following a hyphen.

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Groove Weld Dimensions 7 of 9

Module 4 - 81

Chain intermittent weld dimensions are

to be placed on both sides of reference
line, and opposite each other

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Groove Weld Dimensions 8 of 9

Module 4 - 82

Staggered intermittent weld dimensions

are to be placed on both sides of
reference line, and offset from each other.

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Groove Weld Dimensions 9 of 9

Module 4 - 83

Refer to
A2.4, Fig
30, pages
36, 37

Flare-Bevel
& Flare-V
welds

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Module 4 - 84

Back and Backing Welds

The back and backing weld symbols
are identical. The sequence of
welding determines which
designation applies.
Back weld made after groove weld
Backing weld made before groove
weld

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Module 4 - 85

Back Weld

The back weld symbol is placed on the

reference line opposite the groove
weld using a single reference line
with note in tail.
Or, use multiple
reference
A m e r i clines.
a n
We l d i n g So c i et y

Module 4 - 86

Backing Weld

The backing weld symbol is placed on the

reference line opposite the groove weld
using a single reference line with note in
tail. Or, use multiple reference lines

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Module 4 - 87

Joint With Backing

The backing symbol is placed on the

reference line opposite the weld symbol.
The R refers to removing the backing
after
is completed.
A mwelding
e r i c a n
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Module 4 - 88

Joint With Spacer

The spacer symbol straddles the

reference line within the weld symbol.
Material,
inWtail.
A m e r i csize
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So c i et y

Fillet Weld Dimensions - 1

of 5

Module 4 - 89

The fillet weld size is shown to the left

of the symbol. For double fillets, each
is dimensioned.

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Fillet Weld Dimensions - 2

of 5

Module 4 - 90

Arrow Side versus Other Side for Fillet

welds. For double fillet welds, each is
dimensioned.
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Fillet Weld Dimensions - 3

of 5

Module 4 - 91

The fillet weld size for unequal leg

fillets is shown to the left of the
symbol, with clarifying information in
the tail.

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Fillet Weld Dimensions - 4

of 5

Module 4 - 92

The fillet weld length is shown to the

right of the weld symbol. When fillet
weld is the full length of the joint, no
dimension is required.

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Fillet Weld Dimensions - 5

of 5

Module 4 - 93

Intermittent fillet welds follow the same

rules as intermittent groove welds
regarding pitch and placement of
dimensions to the right of the weld
symbol.
Chain and staggered fillets are used
Fillet weld finishing symbols same as
for groove welds

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Module 4 - 94

Plug Welds - 1 of 4

Plug weld size is shown to the left of the

plug weld symbol, and is preceded by the
diameter symbol, . Plug weld size is the
diameter of the hole at the faying surface

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Module 4 - 95

Plug Welds - 2 of 4

Countersink angle is shown

outside the weld symbol.

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Module 4 - 96

Plug Welds - 3 of 4

Depth of filling is shown as a linear

dimension within the plug weld
symbol when less than complete.

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Module 4 - 97

Plug Welds - 4 of 4

The pitch is shown to the right of the

symbol.
The number of plug welds is
shown just outside the weld symbol, in
parentheses

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Module 4 - 98

Slot Welds
The slot weld symbol is identical to the plug
weld symbol
All conventions for slot welds are identical
to that of plug welds except that the
diameter symbol, , is not used for slot
welds
The primary difference between the two
types is the slot is an elongated hole having
a width and length rather than a diameter

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Module 4 - 99

Slot Weld Symbol

Slot Welds
Note: No
symbol
is used

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Spot or Projection Welds 1 of 4

Module 4 - 100

The spot weld symbol may straddle the

reference line when there is no side
significance, or be placed on either side
if significant.
Spot size or strength to left of symbol
Projection weld symbols are shown
above or below the reference line, and
require the PW designation in the tail of
the symbol.

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Spot or Projection Welds 2 of 4

Module 4 - 101

Welding symbol showing spot weld

size, number, and welding method.

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Spot or Projection Welds 3 of 4

Module 4 - 102

Spacing is shown to the right of the

symbol
Number required is shown just
outside the symbol, in parentheses

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Spot or Projection Welds 4 of 4

Module 4 - 103

Projection weld symbol

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Module 4 - 104

Seam Welds - 1 of 2
Symbol may be on either side, or
straddling reference line
Dimensioning as before; size to left
of symbol, length and pitch to right
May be specified by size or strength
May be continuous or intermittent
Number shown in parentheses
above or below weld symbol

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Module 4 - 105

Seam Welds - 2 of 2

Seam weld welding symbol. Note info in

tail

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Module 4 - 106

Edge Welds - 1 of 3
Used to specify edge welds on edge
joints and flanged butt or flanged corner
joints
Full thickness of joint members must be
fused
Size to left of symbol, length and pitch
to right
May be continuous or intermittent

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Module 4 - 107

Edge Welds - 2 of 3

Edge weld symbol application

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Module 4 - 108

Edge Welds - 3 of 3

Edge weld symbol application with 3

members

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Module 4 - 109

Stud Welds - 1 of 3
Stud weld symbol always on arrow
side
Size (diameter of stud) to left of
symbol, pitch to right
Number in parentheses just outside
symbol

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Module 4 - 110

Stud Welds - 2 of 3

Stud weld symbol application

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Module 4 - 111

Stud Welds - 3 of 3

Stud weld symbol application, multiple arrows

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Module 4 - 112

Surfacing Welds - 1 of 3
Surfacing weld symbol always on
arrow side
Applies to single or multiple layers
Size (thickness) to left of symbol
Location, direction of welding in tail
or a drawing reference

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Module 4 - 113

Surfacing Welds - 2 of 3

Surfacing weld symbol application

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Module 4 - 114

Surfacing Welds - 3 of 3

Two Weld Layers

Surfacing weld symbol application,

multiple layers

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Module 4 - 115

Brazing Symbols - 1 of 3
Brazing symbol shows joint
geometry, clearance, type of
braze process, size of braze,
pitch
Special cleaning requirements,
before or after brazing, can be
noted in tail or on drawing

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Module 4 - 116

Brazing Symbols - 2 of 3

Brazing symbol application in scarf joint

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Module 4 - 117

Brazing Symbols - 3 of 3

Brazing symbol with dimensions and braze

type

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Module 4 - 118

NDE Symbols - 1 of 2
All conventions used are similar, if
not identical to Welding Symbols
Must be familiar with NDE
abbreviations for test methods
Supplementary symbols have
slightly different meaning
Number of tests, extent of testing
must be specified

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Module 4 - 119

NDE Symbols - 2 of 2

Note items and position of placement

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Module 4 - 120

NDE Abbreviations
AET
ET
LT
MT
NRT

PT
PRT
RT
UT
VT

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NDE Supplementary
Symbols

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NDE Symbol Application 1 of 2

Module 4 - 122

RT symbol, with angle of radiation incidence

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NDE Symbol Application 2 of 2

Module 4 - 123

MT symbol, both sides for 6 inch length

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Module 4 - 124

A2.4-98 - Back of Book

Table 1 - letter designations of processes
Table 2 - alphabetical cross reference to
Table 1 by process
Table 3 - alphabetical cross reference to
Table 1 by letter designation
Annex A & AM - Design of Standard Symbols
Annex B - Commentary on A2.4-98
Welding Symbol Chart

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