Minor Tests I
Minor Tests II
2 Quizzes
Major Test
Passing grade is 30%.
20%
20%
20%
40%
Recommended books
Books and Reference Material:
(i) Physical Chemistry by Atkins and de Paula
(ii) The Elements of Physical Chemistry by Atkins
(iii) Physical Chemistry by Silbey and Alberty
(iv) Physical Chemistry by Levine
(vi) Physical Chemistry: A Molecular Approach by
McQuarrie and Simon
(vii) Physical Chemistry by Laidler, Meiser, and Sanctuary
Course contents
(chemical Thermodynamics)
Course contents
(Chemical Thermodynamics)
Combined first and second law, thermodynamic
potentials, free energy and work, effect of temperature
and pressure on free energy.
Chemical potential, equilibrium and free energy, phase
equilibria: phase rule, phase equilibrium of onecomponent system, clapeyron equation, clausius
clapeyron equation, colligative properties.
Gaseous equilibrium, Le Chateliers principle, vant Hoff
equation.
CYL110 Tutorials
http://web.iitd.ac.in/~sdeep
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Tutorial I-V
Courses
CYL110
Thermodynamics
Effects of gravitational field, centrifugal field and surface
area on the properties of the system.
Phase transitions like graphite to diamond conversion,
helium normal to superfluid transition, conductor to
semiconductor transition, change of boiling point of a
liquid with pressure or addition of solute.
Biochemistry-Enzymes and protein stability, DNA
stability, metabolic processes leading to mechanical work
performed by a living organism, design of drugs.
System--------------------------
GAS
Variables---------------------- n, P,V,T
Temperature
Zeroth law of thermodynamics.
Do we need definition of temperature ?
On a cold winters day a metal railing feels
much colder than a wooden fence post,
but they are both at the same
temperature.
Bulk Variables
V, the Volume the sample
occupies (m3)
m3 = 106 cc = 1000 L
p, the Pressure of the
sample (atm)
1 atm = 101.325 kPa =
1.01 bar = 760 Torr
T, the Temperature of the
sample
(K)
n, Composition - moles
Compressibility
The compressibility of a gas is defined by
pVm
Z
RT
If the gas behaves ideally, then Z=1 at all pressures and
temperatures.
Z >1 molecules occupy more volume than IG (e.g. H2):
repulsive forces
Z < 1 molecules occupy less volume than IG (e.g. CO2):
attractive forces
Boyles temperature
Z
as
P0
Z
1
Vm
B0
as
p a / V V
2
m
repulsion
attraction
b nRT
Vm,eff Vm b
peff p a / V
2
m
-1
atm mole )
b (dm mole
-1
He
0.034
0.0237
Ar
1.345
0.0322
N2
1.390
0.0391
O2
1.360
0.0318
CO2
3.592
0.0427