Photosynthesis: Powerpoint Lectures For

Chapter 10
Photosynthesis
PowerPoint Lectures for

Biology, Seventh Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Overview: The Process That Feeds the

Biosphere
Photosynthesis
Is the process that converts solar energy into
chemical energy
Plants and other autotrophs

Are the producers of the biosphere
Plants are photoautotrophs

They use the energy of sunlight to make
organic molecules from water and carbon
dioxide
Figure 10.1
Photosynthesis
Occurs in plants, algae, certain other protists,
and some prokaryotes
These organisms use light energy to drive the
synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide
and (in most cases) water. They feed not only
themselves, but the entire living world. (a) On
land, plants are the predominant producers of
food. In aquatic environments, photosynthetic
organisms include (b) multicellular algae, such
as this kelp; (c) some unicellular protists, such
as Euglena; (d) the prokaryotes called
cyanobacteria; and (e) other photosynthetic
prokaryotes, such as these purple sulfur
(a) Plants
bacteria, which produce sulfur (spherical
globules) (c, d, e: LMs).
(c) Unicellular protist 10 m
(e) Pruple sulfur

bacteria
Figure 10.2
(b) Multicellular algae
(d) Cyanobacteria
40 m
1.5 m
Heterotrophs
Obtain their organic material from other
organisms
Are the consumers of the biosphere
Concept 10.1: Photosynthesis converts light

energy to the chemical energy of food
Chloroplasts: The Sites of Photosynthesis in Plants

The leaves of plants
Are the major sites of photosynthesis
Leaf cross section
Vein
Mesophyll
Stomata
Figure 10.3
CO2
O2
Chloroplasts
Are the organelles in which photosynthesis occurs
Contain thylakoids and grana
Mesophyll
Chloroplast
5 m
Outer
membrane
Stroma Granum
Thylakoid Thylakoid
space
Intermembrane
space
Inner
membrane
1 m
Tracking Atoms Through Photosynthesis: Scientific

Inquiry
Photosynthesis is summarized as
6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Light energy C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2 O
The Splitting of Water

Chloroplasts split water into
Hydrogen and oxygen, incorporating the
electrons of hydrogen into sugar molecules
Reactants:
Products:
12 H2O
6 CO2
C6H12O6
Figure 10.4
6 H2O
6 O2
Photosynthesis as a Redox Process

Photosynthesis is a redox process
Water is oxidized, carbon dioxide is reduced
The Two Stages of Photosynthesis: A Preview

Photosynthesis consists of two processes
The light reactions
The Calvin cycle
The light reactions

Occur in the grana
Split water, release oxygen, produce ATP, and
form NADPH
The Calvin cycle

Occurs in the stroma
Forms sugar from carbon dioxide, using ATP
for energy and NADPH for reducing power
An overview of photosynthesis
H2O
CO2
Light
NADP
ADP
+ P
LIGHT
REACTIONS
CALVIN
CYCLE
ATP
NADPH
Chloroplast
Figure 10.5
O2
[CH2O]
(sugar)
Concept 10.2: The light reactions convert solar

energy to the chemical energy of ATP and
NADPH
The Nature of Sunlight

Light
Is a form of electromagnetic energy, which
travels in waves
Wavelength
Is the distance between the crests of waves
Determines the type of electromagnetic energy
The electromagnetic spectrum

Is the entire range of electromagnetic energy, or
radiation
105 nm
1 nm
103 nm
Gamma
rays
X-rays
UV
1m
106 nm
106 nm
103 nm
Infrared
Microwaves
103 m
Radio
waves
Visible light
380
450
500
550
Shorter wavelength
Figure 10.6
Higher energy
600
650
700
750 nm
Longer wavelength
Lower energy
The visible light spectrum

Includes the colors of light we can see
Includes the wavelengths that drive
photosynthesis
Photosynthetic Pigments: The Light Receptors

Pigments
Are substances that absorb visible light
Reflect light, which include the colors we see

Light
Reflected
Light
Chloroplast
Absorbed
light
Granum
Transmitted
light
Figure 10.7
The spectrophotometer
Is a machine that sends light through pigments
and measures the fraction of light transmitted
at each wavelength
An absorption spectrum
Is a graph plotting light absorption versus wavelength
Refracting Chlorophyll
prism
solution
White
light
Photoelectric
tube
Galvanometer
3
100
Slit moves to Green

pass light
light
of selected
wavelength
The high transmittance

(low absorption)
reading indicates that
chlorophyll absorbs
very little green light.
Figure 10.8
Blue
light
100
The low transmittance

(high absorption) reading
chlorophyll absorbs most blue light.
The absorption spectra of chloroplast pigments

Provide clues to the relative effectiveness of
different wavelengths for driving
photosynthesis
The absorption spectra of three types of pigments

in chloroplasts
Three different experiments helped reveal which wavelengths of light are photosynthetically
important. The results are shown below.
EXPERIMENT
RESULTS
Absorption of light by
chloroplast pigments
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Carotenoids
Wavelength of light (nm)

(a) Absorption spectra. The three curves show the wavelengths of light best absorbed by
three types of chloroplast pigments.
Figure 10.9
The action spectrum of a pigment
Rate of photosynthesis
(measured by O2 release)
Profiles the relative effectiveness of different

wavelengths of radiation in driving photosynthesis
(b) Action spectrum. This graph plots the rate of photosynthesis versus wavelength.
The resulting action spectrum resembles the absorption spectrum for chlorophyll
a but does not match exactly (see part a). This is partly due to the absorption of light
by accessory pigments such as chlorophyll b and carotenoids.
The action spectrum for photosynthesis

Was first demonstrated by Theodor W. Engelmann
Aerobic bacteria
Filament
of alga
500
600
700
400
(c) Engelmanns experiment. In 1883, Theodor W. Engelmann illuminated a filamentous alga with light that had
been passed through a prism, exposing different segments of the alga to different wavelengths. He used aerobic
bacteria, which concentrate near an oxygen source, to determine which segments of the alga were releasing the
most O2 and thus photosynthesizing most.
Bacteria congregated in greatest numbers around the parts of the alga illuminated with violet-blue or red light.
Notice the close match of the bacterial distribution to the action spectrum in part b.
CONCLUSION
Light in the violet-blue and red portions of the spectrum are most effective in driving
photosynthesis.
Chlorophyll a
Is the main photosynthetic pigment
Chlorophyll b
in chlorophyll a
CHO
in chlorophyll b
CH2
CH
CH3
Is an accessory pigment
C
H3 C
Mg
N
C
C
H3 C
CH3
CH2
C
H
H
CH2
C
O
CH2
CH3
CH3
Porphyrin ring:
Light-absorbing
head of molecule
note magnesium
atom at center
C
O
O
CH3
CH2
Figure 10.10
Hydrocarbon tail:
interacts with hydrophobic
regions of proteins inside
thylakoid membranes of
chloroplasts: H atoms not
shown
Other accessory pigments

Absorb different wavelengths of light and pass
the energy to chlorophyll a
Excitation of Chlorophyll by Light

When a pigment absorbs light
It goes from a ground state to an excited state,
which is unstable
Energy of election
Excited
state
Heat
Photon
(fluorescence)
Photon
Chlorophyll
molecule
Figure 10.11 A
Ground
state
If an isolated solution of chlorophyll is

illuminated
It will fluoresce, giving off light and heat
Figure 10.11 B
A Photosystem: A Reaction Center Associated with

Light-Harvesting Complexes
A photosystem
Is composed of a reaction center surrounded by a
number of light-harvesting complexes
Thylakoid
Photosystem
Photon
Thylakoid membrane
Light-harvesting
complexes
STROMA
Primary election
acceptor
Transfer
of energy
Figure 10.12
Reaction
center
Special
chlorophyll a
molecules
Pigment
molecules
THYLAKOID SPACE
(INTERIOR OF THYLAKOID)
The light-harvesting complexes

Consist of pigment molecules bound to
particular proteins
Funnel the energy of photons of light to the
reaction center
When a reaction-center chlorophyll molecule

absorbs energy
One of its electrons gets bumped up to a
primary electron acceptor
The thylakoid membrane

Is populated by two types of photosystems, I
and II
Noncyclic Electron Flow

Noncyclic electron flow
Is the primary pathway of energy
transformation in the light reactions
Produces NADPH, ATP, and oxygen

H2 O
CO2
Light
NADP+
ADP
CALVIN
CYCLE
LIGHT
REACTIONS
ATP
NADPH
O2
[CH2O] (sugar)
Primary
acceptor
Primary
acceptor
Elec
tr
2
2 H+
+
O2
Pq
H2O
4
on t
ra ns
por t
Fd
c ha i
NADP
reductase
+
+ H+
P700
P680
Light
ATP
Photosystem II
(PS II)
NADP+
+ 2 H+
NADPH
PC
Figure 10.13
Cytochrome
complex
e
Light
1
El
Tra ectro
ns n
ch por
a in t
Photosystem-I
(PS I)
A mechanical analogy for the light reactions

e
ATP
NADPH
e
Mill
makes
ATP
on
Phot
Figure 10.14
P h ot o
Photosystem II
Photosystem I
Cyclic Electron Flow

Under certain conditions
Photoexcited electrons take an alternative path
In cyclic electron flow

Only photosystem I is used
Only ATP is produced
Primary
acceptor
Primary
acceptor
Fd
Fd
Pq
NADP+
reductase
Cytochrome
complex
Pc
Figure 10.15
Photosystem II
ATP
Photosystem I
NADP+
NADPH
A Comparison of Chemiosmosis in Chloroplasts

and Mitochondria
Chloroplasts and mitochondria
Generate ATP by the same basic mechanism:
chemiosmosis
But use different sources of energy to
accomplish this
The spatial organization of chemiosmosis

Differs in chloroplasts and mitochondria
Key
Higher [H+]
Lower [H+]
Chloroplast
Mitochondrion
CHLOROPLAST
STRUCTURE
MITOCHONDRION
STRUCTURE
Intermembrance
space
Membrance
Matrix
H+ Diffusion
Electron
transport
chain
ATP
Synthase
Figure 10.16
ADP+
Thylakoid
space
Stroma
H+
ATP
In both organelles
Redox reactions of electron transport chains
generate a H+ gradient across a membrane
ATP synthase
Uses this proton-motive force to make ATP
The light reactions and chemiosmosis: the

organization of the thylakoid membrane
H2O
CO2
LIGHT
NADP+
ADP
LIGHT
REACTOR
CALVIN
CYCLE
ATP
NADPH
STROMA
(Low H+ concentration)
O2
[CH2O] (sugar)
Cytochrome
Photosystem II
complex
Photosystem I
Light
2 H+
NADP+
reductase
Fd
NADP+ + 2H+
NADPH + H+
Pq
H2 O
THYLAKOID SPACE
(High H+ concentration)
Pc
2
2 O2
+2 H+
2 H+
To
Calvin
cycle
STROMA
(Low H+ concentration)
Thylakoid
membrane
ATP
synthase
ADP
ATP
P
Figure 10.17
Concept 10.3: The Calvin cycle uses ATP and

NADPH to convert CO2 to sugar
The Calvin cycle
Is similar to the citric acid cycle
Occurs in the stroma
The Calvin cycle has three phases

Carbon fixation
Reduction
Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor
The Calvin cycle

Light
H2O
CO2
Input
3 (Entering one
CO2 at a time)
NADP+
ADP
LIGHT
REACTION
CALVIN
CYCLE
ATP
Phase 1: Carbon fixation
NADPH
O2
Rubisco
[CH2O] (sugar)
3 P
3 P
Ribulose bisphosphate
(RuBP)
Short-lived
intermediate
3-Phosphoglycerate
ATP
6 ADP
CALVIN
CYCLE
3 ADP
3
ATP
Phase 3:
Regeneration of
the CO2 acceptor
(RuBP)
6 P
1,3-Bisphoglycerate
6 NADPH
6 NADPH+
6 P
P
(G3P)
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
(G3P)
Figure 10.18
G3P
(a sugar)
Output
Glucose and
other organic
compounds
Phase 2:
Reduction
Concept 10.4: Alternative mechanisms of

carbon fixation have evolved in hot, arid
climates
On hot, dry days, plants close their stomata

Conserving water but limiting access to CO 2
Causing oxygen to build up
Photorespiration: An Evolutionary Relic?

In photorespiration
O2 substitutes for CO2 in the active site of the
enzyme rubisco
The photosynthetic rate is reduced
C4 Plants
C4 plants minimize the cost of photorespiration
By incorporating CO2 into four carbon
compounds in mesophyll cells
These four carbon compounds

Are exported to bundle sheath cells, where
they release CO2 used in the Calvin cycle
C4 leaf anatomy and the C4 pathway

Photosynthetic
cells of C4 plant
leaf
Mesophyll
cell
Mesophyll cell
Bundlesheath
cell
CO
CO
2 2
PEP carboxylase
PEP (3 C)
ADP
Oxaloacetate (4 C)
Vein
(vascular tissue)
Malate (4 C)
ATP
C4 leaf anatomy
BundleSheath
cell
Pyruate (3 C)
CO2
Stoma
CALVIN
CYCLE
Sugar
Vascular
tissue
Figure 10.19
CAM Plants
CAM plants
Open their stomata at night, incorporating CO 2
into organic acids
During the day, the stomata close

And the CO2 is released from the organic acids
for use in the Calvin cycle
The CAM pathway is similar to the C4 pathway
Pineapple
Sugarcane
C4
Mesophyll Cell
Organic acid
Bundlesheath
cell
(a) Spatial separation
of steps. In C4
plants, carbon fixation
and the Calvin cycle
occur in different
Figure 10.20 types of cells.
CAM
CO2
CALVIN
CYCLE
CO2
1 CO2 incorporated Organic acid

into four-carbon
organic acids
(carbon fixation)
2 Organic acids
release CO2 to
Calvin cycle
Sugar
CALVIN
CYCLE
Sugar
Night
Day
(b) Temporal separation
of steps. In CAM
plants, carbon fixation
and the Calvin cycle
occur in the same cells
at different times.
The Importance of Photosynthesis: A Review

A review of photosynthesis
Light reaction
H2O
Light
Calvin cycle
CO2
NADP+
ADP
+P1
RuBP
Photosystem II
Electron transport chain
Photosystem I
ATP
NADPH
Chloroplast
Figure 10.21
3-Phosphoglycerate
G3P
Starch
(storage)
Amino acids
Fatty acids
O2
Light reactions:
Are carried out by molecules in the
thylakoid membranes
Convert light energy to the chemical
energy of ATP and NADPH
Split H2O and release O2 to the
atmosphere
Sucrose (export)
Calvin cycle reactions:

Take place in the stroma
Use ATP and NADPH to convert
CO2 to the sugar G3P
Return ADP, inorganic phosphate,
and
NADP+ to the light reactions
Organic compounds produced by

photosynthesis
Provide the energy and building material for
ecosystems

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Chapter 10

PowerPoint Lectures for

Lectures by Chris Romero

Overview: The Process That Feeds the

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Plants and other autotrophs

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Plants are photoautotrophs

(c) Unicellular protist 10 m

(e) Pruple sulfur

(b) Multicellular algae

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Concept 10.1: Photosynthesis converts light

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Chloroplasts: The Sites of Photosynthesis in Plants

Are the organelles in which photosynthesis occurs

Contain thylakoids and grana

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Tracking Atoms Through Photosynthesis: Scientific

6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Light energy C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2 O

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Splitting of Water

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Photosynthesis as a Redox Process

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Two Stages of Photosynthesis: A Preview

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The light reactions

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Calvin cycle

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Concept 10.2: The light reactions convert solar

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Nature of Sunlight

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The electromagnetic spectrum

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The visible light spectrum

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Photosynthetic Pigments: The Light Receptors

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Reflect light, which include the colors we see

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Slit moves to Green

The high transmittance

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The low transmittance

The absorption spectra of chloroplast pigments

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The absorption spectra of three types of pigments

Wavelength of light (nm)

The action spectrum of a pigment

Profiles the relative effectiveness of different

The action spectrum for photosynthesis

Is the main photosynthetic pigment

Other accessory pigments

Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Excitation of Chlorophyll by Light

If an isolated solution of chlorophyll is

A Photosystem: A Reaction Center Associated with