Spread footings
Square
Rectangular
Circular
Continuous
SPREAD FOOTINGS
Made from reinforced concrete
Square (B x B)-Usually one column
Rectangular (B x L)-When large M is needed
Circular (D/B<3, Rounded)-Flagpoles, transmission lines
Continuous (Strip)-Support of bearing walls
Combined (Cantilever)-Provides necessary M to prevent
failure. Desirable when load is eccentric and construction
close to property line.
DEEP FOUNDATIONS
When shallow foundations cannot carry the loads
Due to poor soils conditions
When upper soils are subject to scour
Piles-prefabricated small-size (usually < 2 ft or 0.6 m
diameter or side) poles made from steel (H or pipe piles),
wood or concrete and installed by a variety of methods
(driving, hydraulic jacking, jetting, vibration, boring)
Drilled shafts-Drilled cylindrical holes (usually > 2ft or 0.60
m in diameter) and filled with concrete and steel
reinforcement
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Bearing Capacity
Gross Bearing pressure
q = (P+Wf)/A u
where Wf =c*D*A, u = pore water pressure
Net Bearing pressure = Gross Bearing pressure Effective
stress
q = P/A + c*D u
SQUARE FOOTINGS
q = P/(B*b) + c*D u
CONTINUOUS FOOTINGS
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Bearing Capacity (Contd)
FS bearing capacity = q ultimate / q allowable = 2 to 3
q allowable= Gross bearing pressure
q ultimate = cNc +D Nq + 0.5BNstrip footing
q ultimate = 1.3cNc + D Nq + 0.4BN square footing
q ultimate = 1.3cNc + D Nq + 0.3BNcircular footingf
See Table 17.1, page 623 for bearing capacity factors (N c , Nq , Nas a
function of friction angle,c = cohesion, D= vertical effective stress at
foundation base level, D (surcharge), =unit weight of soil below
foundation base level, B=width (diameter) of footing
Effect of Groundwater table (Page 624)
Case1- DW < D (high water table; use buoyant unit weight)
Case2-D<Dw<D+B (intermediate water table; prorate unit weight)
Case3-D+B <Dw (Deep water table; use moist unit weight )
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Design-Cohesive soils
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Design-Cohesionless soils
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
QSR = pLf where p= is the pile perimeter, L= pile length, and f = unit
shaft resistance (skin friction) in a layer of soil on the side of
deep foundation
the